Artykuł przeglądowy | Strony 7–13
The outlook for chitosan in textiles: a review of the literature since the start of the 2020’s
Samuel M. Hudson iD
PCACD · 2023
Tom XXVIII (28)
Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives (PCACD)
Wydawca: Polish Chitin Society
ISSN (druk): 1896-5644
Zawartość: 17 artykułów naukowych + 2 materiały redakcyjne
Open Access · CC BY 4.0
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Acknowledgments to the outgoing Editor-in-Chief of PCACD Journal Małgorzata Jaworska
The Board of the Polish Chitin Society and the community of scientists involved in research on chitin and chitosan would like to thank Professor Małgorzata Jaworska for her enormous contribution to the development of the journal Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives (PCACD).
This year, Prof. Małgorzata Jaworska completed the function of the Editor-in-Chief of the PCDAC journal, which she had held since 2005, combining it with the position of the President of the Polish Chitin Society for four consecutive terms. Every year, she invited us to publish articles on chitin, chitosan, and its derivatives, which were often the basis for the development of research in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, physico-chemistry of biopolymers, agriculture, environmental protection, and many others. For eighteen years, she consistently strived to promote the journal in the international arena. Her commitment and tremendous amount of work on the journal made it gain recognition among scientists from Poland and around the world. Thanks to the contribution of Prof. Małgorzata Jaworska, PCACD Journal is currently indexed in Web of Science (Emerging Sources Citation Index WoS), Scopus, CAS, EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Pol-index, and PSJD. This year, the journal received the first Impact Factor index, and on the list of scientific journals and reviewed materials from international conferences of the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, it received 140 points, which is a huge success of Prof. Małgorzata Jaworska. Currently, she supports the activities of Magdalena Gierszewska, the newly appointed Editor-in-Chief of the journal.
Małgorzata, we are grateful for promoting our research related to chitin, chitosan, and its derivatives. We thank you once again for the tremendous work, dedication, favor, and always friendly atmosphere that made the annual publication of our articles in the PCDAC journal a pleasure for us.
A short note: 80th anniversary of the Sayyora Sharafovna Rashidova
August 02 marks the 80th anniversary of the outstanding Uzbek scientist, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Uzbekistan, founder of the Society of Chitinologists of Uzbekistan, Academician Sayyora Sharafovna Rashidova. The merits of Rashidova S.Sh. are invaluable and mainly encompass the creation and development of chitinology in the Republic of Uzbekistan as well as the creation of biologically active and environmentally friendly polymeric preparations with the agro-industrial branch of economy in mind.
Under the leadership of Rashidova S.Sh. a technology was developed and implemented, for the first time, that enabled complex processing of silkworm pupae – a waste product of the silk-winding industry – and subsequent production of chitin, chitosan, chrysalis oil, organomineral fertilizers, and protein concentrates on the basis of these previously disposable biological materials. Rashidova S.Sh. is the author and co-author of more than 500 scientific articles published in international journals with a high impact factor, who also contributed to more than 50 inventions and patents. She oversaw 6 doctoral, 21 candidates, 4 PhD – doctoral dissertations. Academician Rashidova S.Sh. is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and chairman of the Problem Council on macromolecular compounds at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. At the initiative of Rashidova S.Sh., who is a member of the editorial board of a number of scientific journals, as well as the founder and editor-in-chief of the scientific electronic publication "Uzbek Polymer Journal," an Institute of Chemistry and Physics of Polymers has been established.
Academician Rashidova S.Sh. conducts a lot of scientific, organizational, and social work, which over the years included the directorship of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, chairing the Committee of Women Scientists "Olima" of the Republic of Uzbekistan, chairing the Uzbekistan-Poland Friendship Society, being appointed as the deputy of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1994‑2000), as well as an appointment as the Ombudsman of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1995‑2015).
On behalf of the scientific community of the Republic, we sincerely congratulate Academician Sayyora Rashidova on the glorious 80th anniversary of the world-renowned scientist, organizer with high potential, who made a great contribution to the development of chitinology, and wish her good health.
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 14–25
Reusability of chitosan and sawdust-modified chitosan for adsorption/desorption of anionic and cationic dyes
Pokaż abstrakt
We explored the multiple uses of chitosan in the form of beads and beech sawdust immobilised in chitosan to remove anionic (Reactive Yellow 85 and Reactive Blue 5) and cationic (Basic Violet 10 and Basic Green 4) dyes. For both anionic dyes, with the next adsorption/desorption cycle, the amount of dye accumulated in the adsorbent increased, which resulted in a decrease in the desorption efficiency. The number of possible adsorption/desorption cycles was regulated by the occupation of all active sites. We observed the opposite trend for the cationic dyes: the charge accumulated in the adsorbent after both adsorption and desorption decreased with subsequent cycles. Despite the low accumulated charge compared with the total adsorption capacity of the adsorbents, it was impossible to further adsorb and desorb the dye. The results demonstrated that for both adsorbents tested, it was possible to carry out 6–7 adsorption/desorption cycles, but the desorption efficiency decreased with each cycle.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, sawdust modified in chitosan, cyclical adsorption/desorption
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 26–33
The effect of chitosan on the physicochemical properties of dermatological preparations containing Humulus lupulus L. extract based on Celugel
Bożena Grimling iD
Pokaż abstrakt
This study evaluated hydrogels containing Celugel, 3% hop cone extract obtained from Humulus lupulus L. using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction substrate, and 1% and 2% chitosan for dermatological application to treat inflammatory skin conditions. The presence of chitosan significantly affected the rheological properties of the formulations, including their dynamic viscosity, hardness, consistency, cohesiveness, and blurring time. The formulations containing 2% chitosan showed the best application possibilities. The formulations were evaluated for dissolution of cohumulone, which is an analogue of humulone contained in hop cone extract. The concentration of chitosan in the formulations had a significant effect on the dissolution testing parameters of the active ingredient: as the chitosan concentration increased, the desired effect of prolonged release time of the active ingredient was achieved while maintaining the membrane-forming properties of Celugel.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, Celugel, hop extract, Humulus lupulus, Supercritical CO2 extraction, carrier
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 34–45
Study of the quantitative and qualitative changes in chitin at different stages of ripening of mushroom fruiting bodies
Pokaż abstrakt
We investigated the extraction of chitin with various solvents and changes in the amount of chitin and its molecular mass at different stages of maturity in the fruiting bodies of the fungi Laetiporus sulphureus, Tyromyces chioneus, Oudemansiella mucida, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Fomitopsis betulina. We extracted chitin from crushed mushroom fruiting bodies with 25% hydrochloric acid at 0°C. We characterised the molecular weight of reprecipitated purified chitin with a viscosimeter and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The mass of extracted chitin in all studied mushrooms initially increased from youth to maturity, and then decreased after ripening. At the same time, the molecular weight of chitin tended to increase.
Słowa kluczowe: chitin, changes in the amount and molecular mass, fungi, FT-IR spectra
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 46–55
Chitosan and meta-topolin supplementation of the multiplication media of Vitis vinifera L.
Pokaż abstrakt
We investigated the efficiency of chitosan (CH) and meta-topolin (mT) on in vitro growth and adaptation to greenhouse conditions of Vitis vinifera cv. Johanniter and cv. Hibernal. After the initiation stage, we transferred explants to Woody Plant Media (WPM) with chitosan (molecular weight 3.33 kDa) at a concentration of 10, 20, and 40 ppm or to WPM with mT at a concentration of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg l–1. WPM without CH or mT served as a control. Among the tested combinations, WPM with 10 ppm of CH led to the maximum mean root length (12.18 cm and 12.65 cm for the Hibernal and Johanniter cultivars, respectively) and the number of new leaves (5.9 and 8.15 for the Hibernal and Johanniter cultivars, respectively). As the CH concentration in the medium increased, the length of shoots and roots decreased. We found the highest percentage of acclimatised plants on WPM (cv. Hibernal) and WPM with 40 ppm of CH (cv. Johanniter). The addition of mT had a negative effect on the morphological traits we measured, regardless of the concentration. Leaves of explants from WPM with mT were yellower and redder compared with the control. None of the explants obtained on this medium produced roots.
Słowa kluczowe: biologically active substance, in vitro, cytokine, winegrape
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 56–74
The use of chitin in the moults and exoskeletons of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) to remove cationic dyes from aqueous solutions
Pokaż abstrakt
We analysed the feasibility of using unmodified chitin exoskeletons and moults of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as adsorbents to remove cationic dyes – Basic Violet 10 (BV10) and Basic Red 46 (BR46) – from aqueous solutions. We evaluated the characteristics of the adsorption materials using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and determining the pH of the point of zero charge (pHPZC); the pH effect on dye adsorption effectiveness; dye adsorption kinetics (pseudo–first order, pseudo–second order, and intramolecular diffusion models); and the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbents (Langmuir 1 and 2 and Freundlich isotherms). BV10 adsorption on the tested adsorbents was the highest at pH 3, while adsorption of BR46 was highest at pH 6. The adsorption equilibrium time depended mainly on the dye type and its initial concentration; it was 150–210 min for BV10 and 120–150 min for BR46. The maximum adsorption capacity of mealworm exoskeletons reached 5.56 mg/g for BV10 and 31.53 mg/g for BR46, whereas mealworm moults exhibited a higher maximum adsorption capacity, reaching 6.44 mg/g for BV10 and 5.56 mg/g for BR46.
Słowa kluczowe: chitin moults, exoskeletons, mealworm, adsorption, cationic dyes
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 75–88
The effect of a composite chitosan-silver(I) ion coating on the corrosion resistance of the cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy in saline solution
Pokaż abstrakt
We determined the in vitro corrosion resistance of the composite chitosan-silver(I) [Ag(I)] ion coating on the cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) dental alloy in a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at 37°C. We obtained the novel composite chitosan–Ag(I) ion coating by electrophoretic deposition at 20 V for 30 s at room temperature in a 2% (v/v) aqueous solution of acetic acid with 1 g dm–3 chitosan and 10 g dm–3 silver nitrate. We evaluated the chemical composition with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. We investigated surface topography and electronic properties with a scanning Kelvin probe. We determined the mechanism and kinetics of the electrochemical corrosion of the obtained coatings by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Ag content in the composite chitosan–Ag(I) ion coating was 1.9 ± 1 wt.%. The cataphoretic co-deposition of chitosan and Ag(I) ions in an aqueous solution can be used to modify the CoCrMo alloy surface to obtain new coatings with antibacterial properties.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, CoCrMo alloy, composite, corrosion resistance, dentistry, silver
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 89–102
The effect of a composite chitosan/copper(II) ion coating on the corrosion resistance of grade 4 titanium in saline: preliminary results
Pokaż abstrakt
In the present work, we successfully used electrophoretic deposition to produce a new composite chitosan-copper(II) [Cu(II]) ion coating on grade 4 titanium (Ti). We prepared the coating with an environmentally friendly in situ chemical reduction process from a 2% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid solution with 1 g dm–3 chitosan and 10 g dm–3 copper acetate at 20 V for 300 s at room temperature. We evaluated the relationship between physicochemical properties and corrosion resistance of the coatings with energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, a scanning Kelvin probe, and electrochemical methods. The composite coating contained 2.1 ± 0.1 wt.% of Cu, which ensures antibacterial activity. We determined the mechanism and kinetics of the electrochemical corrosion of the composite chitosan–Cu(II) ion coating on grade 4 Ti in saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) at 37°C. The surface modification makes grade 4 Ti a more attractive material for use in dentistry.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, composite, copper, corrosion, electrophoretic deposition, titanium
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 103–110
Chitosan gels to prevent reflux disease
Katarzyna Małolepsza-Jarmołowska iD
Pokaż abstrakt
Reflux disease is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in developed countries. The problem is both the acidic content of the stomach and the alkaline content of the intestines. In each case, the oesophageal mucosa is destroyed. I analysed hydrogels that prevent irritation of the oesophageal mucosa. Specifically, I investigated the effect of chitosan and sodium alginate on the properties of gels protecting the oesophagus. Gels containing chitosan and 1.0% sodium alginate can be used to treat advanced alkaline reflux. The addition of chitosan to all the tested gels increased their pH and dynamic viscosity, making it possible to neutralise acid reflux. Texture studies showed the influence of chitosan and sodium alginate on the adhesiveness of the tested gels.
Słowa kluczowe: alkaline gastro-oesophageal reflux, physiological gastro-oesophageal environment, hydrophilic gels, oesophageal mucosa, anti-inflammatory drugs, oesophageal infections.
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 111–118
Increasing the effectiveness of chitosan gels to protect the oesophageal mucosa
Katarzyna Małolepsza-Jarmołowska iD
Pokaż abstrakt
The troublesome symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are a serious health, medical, and social problem for patients. The main problem is gastro-oesophageal acid reflux. In this study, I investigated hydrogels that could prevent the destruction of the oesophageal mucosa. I investigated the effect of chitosan and poloxamer 407 on the protective properties of gels. The addition of chitosan to all the tested gels increased their pH and dynamic viscosity. Preparations containing 25% poloxamer 407 showed the highest pH. Texture tests showed the effect of the poloxamer concentration on the adhesion performance of the tested gels. The findings suggest that the gels can be used to treat advanced acid reflux.
Słowa kluczowe: acid gastro-oesophageal reflux, physiological gastro-oesophageal environment, hydrophilic gels, oesophageal mucosa, anti-inflammatory drugs, oesophageal infections
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 119–127
The effects of applying chitosan of different molecular weights on the growth and quality of Kamchatka berries (Lonicera caerulea L.): part 1
Pokaż abstrakt
Kamchatka berries contain many valuable organic and mineral compounds. However, the ripe berries are not very firm and have low transport resistance. We aimed to study the effect of chitosan solutions of different molecular weights on the growth, yield, and quality of Kamchatka berries. Chitosan with lower molecular weights, 3 and 12 kDa, stimulated plant growth, while those with molecular weights above 50 kDa reduced plant growth compared with control shrubs. Chitosan 125 and 500 kDa increased Kamchatka berry yield. In addition, chitosan 125 kDa increased fruit weight throughout the yield period. Fruit sprayed with chitosan 3, 5, and 50 kDa were dark in colour at harvest. Chitosan 3, 5, 12, and 50 kDa increased fruit/skin resistance to mechanical damage. Finally, chitosan 3, 5, 50, and 950 kDa increased average fruit firmness. Overall, we recommend higher molecular weight chitosan to increase yield and lower molecular weight chitosan to increase firmness and resistance to damage.
Słowa kluczowe: shrub growth, yield, fruit firmness, fruit size
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 128–135
The effects of applying chitosan of different molecular weights on the quality of Kamchatka berries (Lonicera caerulea L.): part 2
Pokaż abstrakt
We evaluated the effects of chitosan of different molecular weights on the quality of Kamchatka berries after harvest and storage. Chitosan with lower molecular weights (from 3 to 21 kDa) positively influenced the soluble solid content after harvest. However, chitosan had no significant effect on titratable acidity after harvest. Regardless of the chitosan molecular weight, the berries contained from 7.4% to 30% more total polyphenols compared with the control (162 mg per 100 g) after harvest. After storage, the total phenolic content decreased slightly and depended on the storage conditions. The L-ascorbic acid content was the highest after harvest and storage after treatment with the highest molecular weight of chitosan (950k kDa). Chitosan 50 kDa positively influenced the firmness and puncture resistance of the berries after harvest (146% of control) and storage (135% of control).
Słowa kluczowe: blue honeysuckle, total polyphenol, firmness, fruits storage, puncture resistance
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 136–150
Molecular dynamics simulations of the affinity of chitin and chitosan for collagen: the effect of pH and the presence of sodium and calcium cations
Pokaż abstrakt
Chitosan and chitin are promising biopolymers used in many areas including biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering and viscosupplementation. Chitosan shares similar properties with hyaluronan, a natural component of synovial fluid, making it a good candidate for joint disease treatment. The structural and energetic consequences of intermolecular interactions are crucial for understanding the biolubrication phenomenon and other important biomedical features. However, the properties of biopolymers, including their complexation abilities, are influenced by the nature of the aqueous medium with which they interact. In this study, we employed molecular dynamics simulations to describe the effect of pH and the presence of sodium and calcium cations on the stability of molecular complexes formed by collagen type II with chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides. Based on Gibbs free energy of binding, all considered complexes are thermodynamically stable over the entire pH range. The affinity between chitosan oligosaccharide and collagen is highly influenced by pH, while oligomeric chitin shows no pH-dependent effect on the stability of molecular assemblies with collagen. On the other hand, the presence of sodium and calcium cations has a negligible effect on the affinity of chitin and chitosan for collagen.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, chitin, collagen, intermolecular interactions, molecular dynamics
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 151–159
Mitigation effects of water-soluble chitosan on boron toxicity in pepper plants
Piotr Salachna iD
Pokaż abstrakt
Excess boron in soil is often found in dry agricultural areas and is one of the factors limiting crop yields. Polysaccharide-based biostimulants can mitigate the harmful effects of environmental stresses on plants. I performed this study under controlled greenhouse conditions to understand the response of pepper plants under boron stress to treatment with water-soluble chitosan (WSC). I watered plants with 50 or 100 mg/l WSC and 1.5 mM boric acid solution. As a result of WSC application at both concentrations, plants were taller and had more leaves and greater leaf length, width, relative chlorophyll content, and fresh aboveground weight compared with the control. Plants exposed to boron stress had fewer leaves, a lower relative chlorophyll content, and leaf blade damage indicative of boron toxicity. At the same time, boron-exposed plants showed a marked increase in the leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron contents. Applying WSC at both concentrations modulated boron stress in plants by improving plant growth; reducing boron accumulation in leaves; and increasing the available nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in the substrate.
Słowa kluczowe: oligosaccharides, biostimulants, boron stress, nutrient uptake
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 160–165
Preparation and physicochemical characteristics of an iodine and bismuth containing composite material based on chitosan
Pokaż abstrakt
We created composite materials by using a straightforward method, combining chitosan, iodine, and bismuth. We used two chitosan with two different molecular masses. We used iodine in the composites as chitosan iodide and bismuth in the form of tetraiodobismuthanuide. We analysed the resulting materials with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry, and visible light spectroscopy. We observed that bismuth and iodine were evenly distributed throughout the composites and did not separate into distinct phases. These composite materials have the ability to form organised porous sponges, making them suitable for a wide range of applications in different fields.
Słowa kluczowe: bismuth, iodine, chitosan
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 166–187
Adsorption of silver ions on chitosan hydrogel beads
Pokaż abstrakt
We investigated the adsorption of silver(I) from silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver sulphate (Ag2SO4). We compared the adsorption ability of chitosan in the form of hydrogel beads with that of chitosan acetate – an initial solution from which the beads were derived. We developed a model of adsorption kinetics, assuming the simultaneous occurrence of the diffusion process and the chemical reaction. We confirmed and described the chemical nature of adsorption based on the Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, gels, adsorption
Artykuł oryginalny | Strony 188–203
On obtaining binary polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan Bombyx mori with collagen
Noira Rakhimovna Vokhidova iD, Shuhrat Shamsiddinovich Khudoyberdiyev iD, Ilnar Nakipovich Nurgaliev iD, Sayyora Sharafovna Rashidova iD
Pokaż abstrakt
We obtained binary polyelectrolyte complexes containing chitosan from Bombyx mori and collagen with a mass ratio of 10:1; 10:2, and 10:3. During the interaction between the macromolecules, due to the compensation of the positive charges of chitosan with the negative charges of collagen, the zeta potential of the solutions of polyelectrolyte complexes changed from +15.2 to +5.67 mV. We revealed the dependence of the size characteristics of the particles of polyelectrolyte complexes on time and the ratio of macromolecules. An examination of the morphology of the films of polyelectrolyte complexes demonstrated that in the evaluated chitosan/collagen mass ratios, non-spherical nanosized particles up to ≤ 60 nm form on the surface of the films. We evaluated the mechanism of formation of complexes by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and confirmed the findings with density functional theory and molecular dynamics. We found that the particle diameter is inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient. The results show that the particles are almost uniformly distributed over the surface of the polymer matrix and have a unimodal character. We obtained reproducible results when using a chitosan/collagen mass ratio of 10:2 to dye natural silk. We found that the complexes contribute to increase the intensity and stability of colour relative to soap and friction.
Słowa kluczowe: chitosan, collagen, binary complex, diffusion coefficient, hydrodynamic radius, staining intensity
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Opracowanie, wydanie i upowszechnienie XXVII (2022), XXVIII (2023) oraz XXIX (2024) tomu czasopisma “Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives” (PCACD) jest finansowane ze środków budżetu państwa z programu „Rozwój czasopism naukowych” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki w ramach umowy RCN/SN/0122/2021/1.
Dofinansowanie: 50 000 zł
Całkowita wartość: 50 000 zł
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