{"id":3226,"date":"2022-10-21T14:42:24","date_gmt":"2022-10-21T12:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/?p=3226"},"modified":"2026-10-22T17:55:05","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T15:55:05","slug":"xxvii-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/10\/21\/xxvii-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"XXVII (2022)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3226\" class=\"elementor elementor-3226\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-645ddf32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"645ddf32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e466e7b\" data-id=\"e466e7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2556dc eael_simple_menu_hamburger_disable_selected_menu_no eael-simple-menu-hamburger-align-right eael-simple-menu-link-full-width eael-hamburger--tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-simple-menu\" data-id=\"b2556dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-simple-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n                        @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                                .eael-simple-menu-vertical {\n                                    display: none;\n                                }\n                            }\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-container .eael-simple-menu-toggle {\n                                    display: block;\n                                }\n                            }\n                        }\n                    <\/style><style>\n                        @media screen and (min-width: 1025px) {\n                        \/* Left aligned horizontal menus lay out with `float: left` on the\n                           items, so their list stays `block` - forcing flex here would\n                           take the items out of flow and break the row. Only centre and\n                           right aligned horizontal menus are inline-flex. *\/\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading > ul.eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading > ul.eael-simple-menu-vertical {\n                            display: block;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-center {\n                            text-align: center;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-right {\n                            text-align: right;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-center > ul.eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-right > ul.eael-simple-menu-horizontal {\n                            display: -webkit-inline-box;\n                            display: -ms-inline-flexbox;\n                            display: inline-flex;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading .eael-simple-menu-toggle,\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading .eael-simple-menu-toggle-text {\n                            display: none;\n                        }\n                        }\n                    <\/style>            <div data-hamburger-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fas fa-bars&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-indicator-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fas fa-angle-down&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-dropdown-indicator-icon=\"&lt;i class=&quot;fas fa-angle-down&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" class=\"eael-simple-menu-container eael-simple-menu--loading eael-simple-menu-align-left eael-simple-menu-dropdown-align-left preset-2 eael-simple-menu-link-full-width\" data-hamburger-breakpoints=\"{&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;Mobile Portrait (&gt; 767px)&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;Tablet Portrait (&gt; 1024px)&quot;,&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;Desktop (&gt; 2400px)&quot;,&quot;none&quot;:&quot;None&quot;}\" data-hamburger-device=\"tablet\">\n                <ul id=\"menu-czasopismo-pcacd\" class=\"eael-simple-menu eael-simple-menu-dropdown-animate-to-top eael-simple-menu-indicator eael-simple-menu-vertical\"><li id=\"menu-item-154\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-154\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/czasopismo-progress-on-chemistry-and-application-of-chitin-and-its-derivatives\/\">O czasopi\u015bmie<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-155\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/informacje-dla-autorow\/\">Informacje dla autor\u00f3w<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-157\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-157\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/wytyczne-etyki-publikacyjnej\/\">Wytyczne etyki publikacyjnej<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-5550\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5550\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2026\/10\/14\/procedura-redakcyjna-i-wydawnicza\/\">Procedura redakcyjna i wydawnicza<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-156\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-156\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/rada-programowa\/\">Rada programowa<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3370\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3370\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/11\/30\/dotacje\/\">Dotacje<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-5267\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5267\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2026\/09\/29\/xxxi-2026\/\">XXXI (2026)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-4737\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4737\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2025\/09\/28\/xxx-2025\/\">XXX (2025)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-4503\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4503\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2024\/09\/30\/xxix-2024\/\">XXIX (2024)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3995\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3995\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2023\/09\/30\/xxviii-2023\/\">XXVIII (2023)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3297\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3297\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/10\/21\/xxvii-2022\/\">XXVII (2022)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3750\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3750\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2021\/01\/01\/xxvi-2021\/\">XXVI (2021)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3764\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3764\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2020\/01\/01\/xxv-2020\/\">XXV (2020)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3763\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3763\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2019\/01\/01\/xxiv-2019\/\">XXIV (2019)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3762\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3762\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2018\/01\/01\/xxiii-2018\/\">XXIII (2018)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3761\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3761\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2017\/01\/01\/xxii-2017\/\">XXII (2017)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3760\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3760\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2016\/01\/01\/xxi-2016\/\">XXI (2016)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3759\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3759\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2015\/01\/01\/xx-2015\/\">XX (2015)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3754\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3754\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2014\/01\/01\/xix-2014\/\">XIX (2014)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3758\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3758\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2013\/01\/01\/xviii-2013\/\">XVIII (2013)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3757\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3757\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2012\/01\/14\/xvii-2012\/\">XVII (2012)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3756\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3756\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2011\/01\/01\/xvi-2011\/\">XVI (2011)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3755\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3755\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2010\/01\/01\/xv-2010\/\">XV (2010)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3753\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3753\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2007\/01\/01\/xii-2007\/\">XII (2007)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3752\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3752\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2006\/01\/14\/xi-2006\/\">XI (2006)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3751\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3751\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2004\/01\/01\/x-2004\/\">X (2004)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3765\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3765\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2003\/01\/01\/ix-2003\/\">IX (2003)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3766\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3766\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2002\/01\/10\/viii-2002\/\">VIII (2002)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-192\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-192\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2001\/01\/01\/vii-2001\/\">VII (2001)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-193\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-193\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1998\/01\/01\/iv-1998\/\">IV (1998)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-194\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-194\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1997\/01\/01\/iii-1997\/\">III (1997)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-195\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-195\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1996\/01\/01\/ii-1996\/\">II (1996)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-196\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-196\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1995\/01\/01\/i-1995\/\">I (1995)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>                <button class=\"eael-simple-menu-toggle\">\n                    <span class=\"sr-only \">Hamburger Toggle Menu<\/span>\n                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bars\"><\/i>                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5379d2c6\" data-id=\"5379d2c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1408e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1408e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- PCACD XXVII (2022): osobny wid\u017cet HTML. Nowy JPG: podmie\u0144 placeholder. Adresy historycznych plik\u00f3w zachowano ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142; dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 WWW opisana w raporcie. -->\n<section id=\"pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" aria-label=\"Informacje o tomie XXVII czasopisma PCACD\">\n<style>\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii,\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii {\n      background: transparent;\n      color: #25364b;\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 14px 4px 8px;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #b9c3ce;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-uklad {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      align-items: flex-start;\n      gap: 26px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-okladka-link {\n      display: block;\n      flex: 0 0 180px;\n      max-width: 100%;\n      line-height: 0;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-okladka {\n      display: block;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: auto;\n      border: 1px solid #9fabba;\n      border-radius: 3px;\n      box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(25, 43, 65, .12);\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-informacje {\n      flex: 1 1 310px;\n      min-width: 0;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-rok {\n      color: #5c6f83;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 1px;\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-tom {\n      color: #233b59;\n      font-size: 25px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      line-height: 1.3;\n      margin: 0 0 12px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-tytul {\n      color: #263e59;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      margin: 0 0 15px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-dane {\n      color: #405269;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.8;\n      margin: 0 0 14px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-licencja {\n      color: #2a4768;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-przyciski {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 9px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-przyciski a {\n      background: transparent;\n      border: 1px solid #98aabe;\n      border-radius: 4px;\n      color: #24486d;\n      display: inline-block;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      padding: 9px 12px;\n      text-decoration: none;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-przyciski a:hover,\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-przyciski a:focus-visible {\n      border-color: #526d8b;\n      color: #16334f;\n      text-decoration: underline;\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii { padding: 10px 2px 8px; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-uklad { gap: 20px; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-okladka-link { flex-basis: 150px; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-informacje { flex-basis: 100%; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-tom { font-size: 22px; }\n    }\n  \n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii {scroll-margin-top:20px;}\n\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-tom-wiersz {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-tom-wiersz .pcacd-tom {margin:0;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-nawigacja {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-nawigacja a {display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none;color:#24486d;border:1px solid #a9b8c8;border-radius:4px;background:transparent;padding:6px 10px;font:500 12px\/1.4 Arial,sans-serif;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-nawigacja a:hover, #pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-nawigacja a:focus-visible {border-color:#526d8b;text-decoration:underline;outline-offset:2px;}\n@media(max-width:640px) {#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii .pcacd-nawigacja {flex-basis:100%;}}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"pcacd-uklad\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-okladka-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PCACD_XXVII_2022_cover.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"Otw\u00f3rz ok\u0142adk\u0119 do druku (PDF)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"pcacd-okladka\" src=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PCACD_2022_FRONT_COVER.jpg\" alt=\"Przednia ok\u0142adka PCACD, tom XXVII (2022)\" width=\"180\" height=\"256\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-informacje\"><p class=\"pcacd-rok\" data-no-translation>PCACD \u00b7 2022<\/p>\n<div class=\"pcacd-tom-wiersz\"><h2 class=\"pcacd-tom\">Tom XXVII (27)<\/h2>\n<nav class=\"pcacd-nawigacja\" aria-label=\"Nawigacja mi\u0119dzy tomami\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/2021\/01\/01\/xxvi-2021\/\" data-pcacd-volume-link>\u2190 Poprzedni tom<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/2023\/09\/30\/xxviii-2023\/\" data-pcacd-volume-link>Nast\u0119pny tom \u2192<\/a><\/nav><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcacd-tytul\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives (PCACD)<\/p>\n<p class=\"pcacd-dane\"><strong>ISSN (druk):<\/strong> <span data-no-translation>1896-5644<\/span><br><strong>Zawarto\u015b\u0107:<\/strong> 17 artyku\u0142\u00f3w naukowych<\/p>\n<p class=\"pcacd-licencja\"><span data-no-translation>Open Access \u00b7 CC BY 4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pcacd-przyciski\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PCACD_XXVII_2022_cover.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href >Ok\u0142adka do druku (PDF) \u2197<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PCACD_XXVII_2022_table-of-contents.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href >Strony tytu\u0142owe i spis tre\u015bci (PDF) \u2197<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<script>(function(){var r=document.getElementById('pcacd-naglowek-xxvii');if(!r)return;var en=\/^en\\b\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang)||\/^\\\/en(?:\\\/|$)\/.test(location.pathname);var nav=r.querySelector('.pcacd-nawigacja');if(en&&nav){nav.setAttribute('aria-label','Volume navigation');r.querySelector('.pcacd-tom').textContent='Volume XXVII (27)';Array.prototype.forEach.call(nav.querySelectorAll('a'),function(a,i){var u=new URL(a.href,location.href);if(u.hostname==='ptchit.lodz.pl'&&!\/^\\\/en\\\/\/.test(u.pathname))u.pathname='\/en'+u.pathname;a.href=u.href;a.textContent=a.textContent.indexOf('\u2190')>=0?'\u2190 Previous volume':'Next volume \u2192';});}})();<\/script><\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e986ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0e986ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- PCACD XXVII (2022): wszystkie publikacje w jednym wid\u017cecie HTML. -->\n<div id=\"pcacd-artykuly-2022\">\n<style>\n\/* Tylko lista PCACD 2022 \u2013 bez zmian w szablonie PTChit *\/\n#pcacd-artykuly-2022 {font-family:Arial,sans-serif; 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Wszystkie publikacje s\u0105 widoczne; abstrakty mo\u017cna rozwija\u0107.<\/p><\/noscript><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-lista\">\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-001\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy | Strony 5\u201334<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Synthesis and application of chitosan hydroxyapatite: a review<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Noira R. Vokhidova <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0477-3708\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Noira R. Vokhidova \u2014 0000-0003-0477-3708\" aria-label=\"ORCID Noira R. Vokhidova \u2014 0000-0003-0477-3708\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Kandiyor H. Ergashev<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Sayyora Sh. Rashidova<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.001<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/SYNTHESIS_AND_APPLICATION_OF_CHITOSAN_HYDROXYAPATITE_A_REVIEW_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>In this review, the research devoted to synthesising chitosan apatites, their biologically active properties, and their application in medical practice is analysed. The data are from articles published between 2001 and 2022 on the formation of calcium- and phosphorus-containing chitosan composites and the mechanism of their interaction.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, <em>Bombyx mori<\/em>, polymer, hydroxyapatite, composite, nanostructure, bone, osteoporosis, traumatology, orthopaedics, dentistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-002\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 35\u201342<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan adduct with tranexamic acid and its haemostatic effect<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Volodymyr Antonyuk <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-4957\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Volodymyr Antonyuk \u2014 0000-0002-3643-4957\" aria-label=\"ORCID Volodymyr Antonyuk \u2014 0000-0002-3643-4957\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Nazar Manko <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1203-7479\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Nazar Manko \u2014 0000-0003-1203-7479\" aria-label=\"ORCID Nazar Manko \u2014 0000-0003-1203-7479\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Lidiia Panchak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9621-3304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Lidiia Panchak \u2014 0000-0002-9621-3304\" aria-label=\"ORCID Lidiia Panchak \u2014 0000-0002-9621-3304\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Semen Khomyak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-1688\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Semen Khomyak \u2014 0000-0003-1931-1688\" aria-label=\"ORCID Semen Khomyak \u2014 0000-0003-1931-1688\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Rostyslav Stoika <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5719-2187\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Rostyslav Stoika \u2014 0000-0001-5719-2187\" aria-label=\"ORCID Rostyslav Stoika \u2014 0000-0001-5719-2187\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/CHITOSAN_ADDUCT_WITH_TRANEXAMIC_ACID_AND_ITS_HAEMOSTATIC_EFFECT_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan is a cationic polymer capable of binding acidic drugs. In addition, it has haemostatic and antimicrobial activity. Chitosan derivatives withanti-fibrinolytic properties may present increased effectiveness, especially when the added substance forms an adduct with chitosan. The aim of this work was to study the haemostatic action of the chitosan\u2013tranexamic acid complex. Two chitosan solutions (molecularweight of 250 and 625 kDa at pH 5.7 and 6.2, and after tranexamic acid had been added to chitosan solutions) werestudied. Haemostatic evaluation was performed on white outbred mice. The time to complete cessation of bleeding from the tail was determined. Chitosan 625 kDa at pH 6.2 had the best haemostatic properties. Adding tranexamic acid to the chitosan solution reduced the bleeding time. This phenomenon was more pronounced for chitosan 625 kDa. Compared with control animals, this chitosan reduced bleeding arrest time by 30% and the chitosan\u2013tranexamic acid adduct reduced the bleeding arrest time by 75%.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan; tranexamic acid, adduct, haemostatic effect<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-003\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 43\u201353<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Preparation of nanocrystals and chitin microfibrils<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Dorota Binia\u015b <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2548-1774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Dorota Binia\u015b \u2014 0000-0002-2548-1774\" aria-label=\"ORCID Dorota Binia\u015b \u2014 0000-0002-2548-1774\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">W\u0142odzimierz Binia\u015b <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7260-7739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID W\u0142odzimierz Binia\u015b \u2014 0000-0002-7260-7739\" aria-label=\"ORCID W\u0142odzimierz Binia\u015b \u2014 0000-0002-7260-7739\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.003<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PREPARATION_OF_NANOCRYSTALS_AND_CHITIN_MICROFIBRILS_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitin nanocrystals and microfibrils were prepared based on the strong acid hydrolysis method. The change in the molecular structure was studied by Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The surface morphology of chitin materials was observed using scanning electron and optical microscopy. The separation of nano-crystals and microfibril crystalline regions from native chitin may increase the scope of its application for the creation of bioactive composites and scaffolds for tissue culture. As a result of the conducted experimental work, it was possible to loosen the amorphous areas and partially separate nano-crystals and chitin microfibrils. Stable aqueous suspensions of chitin nano-crystals and microfibrils were obtained, which can be used for further experimental work.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>nano-crystals chitin, microfibrils chitin, acid hydrolysis, ultrasonic treatment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-004\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 54\u201366<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Hierarchical zeolites modified with chitosan \u2013 synthesis and characterisation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1875-5415\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik \u2014 0000-0002-1875-5415\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik \u2014 0000-0002-1875-5415\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ewelina Musielak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0683-4631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Ewelina Musielak \u2014 0000-0003-0683-4631\" aria-label=\"ORCID Ewelina Musielak \u2014 0000-0003-0683-4631\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Izabela Nowak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-9011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Izabela Nowak \u2014 0000-0002-1113-9011\" aria-label=\"ORCID Izabela Nowak \u2014 0000-0002-1113-9011\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.004<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/HIERARCHICAL_ZEOLITES_MODIFIED_WITH_CHITOSAN_SYNTHESIS_AND_CHARACTERISATION_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>This paper describes the synthesis of hierarchical zeolites based on a commercial FAU zeolite modified with chitosan. Additionally, the amount of silicon source added (tetraethyl orthosilicate) and the type of structuring agent used were modified during synthesis of the materials. The synthesised materials were characterised by the following methods: X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption\/ desorption isotherms. The obtained results confirmed the achievement of additional porosity in the synthesised materials. According to the adsorption experiments, the hierarchical zeolite-modified chitosan had a high adsorption capacity of 1.2 cm<sup>3<\/sup> g<sup>\u22121<\/sup>.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>hierarchical zeolites, chitosan, secondary porosity, methods for characterising porous materials<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-005\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 67\u201378<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effect of chitosan-based spraying on the quality of highbush blueberries (Sunrise cultivar)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Monika Figiel-Kroczy\u0144ska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-4004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Monika Figiel-Kroczy\u0144ska \u2014 0000-0003-4378-4004\" aria-label=\"ORCID Monika Figiel-Kroczy\u0144ska \u2014 0000-0003-4378-4004\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ireneusz Ochmian <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-1927\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Ireneusz Ochmian \u2014 0000-0002-3606-1927\" aria-label=\"ORCID Ireneusz Ochmian \u2014 0000-0002-3606-1927\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-9122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz \u2014 0000-0002-4333-9122\" aria-label=\"ORCID Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz \u2014 0000-0002-4333-9122\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.005<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/EFFECT_OF_CHITOSAN_BASED_SPRAYING_ON_THE_QUALITY_OF_HIGHBUSH_BLUEBERRIES_SUNRISE_CULTIVAR_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The consumption of highbush blueberries has been growing rapidly in recent years due to their taste and health-promoting qualities. Various solutions have been sought to obtain the highest quality fruit after harvest. In the era of eco-friendly products, it is important that the methods used are natural and ecological. For this purpose, chitosan (CH) was sprayed five times on highbush blueberry bushes before harvesting. Different molecular weights of CH (5, 12, 21, 50, 125, and 500 kDa) were used in this study. The physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit were investigated. The antioxidant activity, microbial contaminants, and mycotoxins in fruit were also analysed. Application of CH affected the quality of highbush blueberries after harvest. The molecular weight of CH had a significant effect on the studied traits. The application of high-molecular-weight CH improved physical characteristics such as the average weight of 100 blueberries, firmness, and puncture. Furthermore, the blueberries had a more intense blue colour; were characterised by a higher content of l-ascorbic acid and polyphenols, especially anthocyanins; and did not contain mycotoxins. Spraying with CH can be recommended in the organic cultivation of highbush blueberries to obtain robust fruit with health-promoting qualities.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, highbush blueberry, fruit quality, mycotoxins, polyphenols, fungi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-006\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 79\u201391<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Use of chitosan adsorbents for dye removal in the air-lift reactor<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Urszula Filipkowska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-6558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Urszula Filipkowska \u2014 0000-0003-0140-6558\" aria-label=\"ORCID Urszula Filipkowska \u2014 0000-0003-0140-6558\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Tomasz J\u00f3\u017awiak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-9827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Tomasz J\u00f3\u017awiak \u2014 0000-0003-3360-9827\" aria-label=\"ORCID Tomasz J\u00f3\u017awiak \u2014 0000-0003-3360-9827\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Magdalena Filipkowska<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.006<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/USE_OF_CHITOSAN_ADSORBENTS_FOR_DYE_REMOVAL_IN_THE_AIR_LIFT_REACTOR_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Adsorption tests in the air-lift reactor were carried out for six dyes \u2013four anionic (RR11, RB5, RB8, and RR18) and two cationic (BV10 and BG 4) \u2013 as well as three adsorbents \u2013 chitosan flakes, chitosan in the form of beads, and modified sawdust immobilised in chitosan (adsorbent 3). The dye concentration in the inflow to the reactor in all the conducted test series was 10 mg\/dm<sup>3<\/sup>; the amount of adsorbent was also constant at 10 g dry matter (d.m.\/dm<sup>3<\/sup>, and the flow rate was 0.1 V\/h. For all tested dyes, the obtained maximum adsorption capacity was high and ranged from 3802 to 2203 mg\/g d.m. for chitosan flakes, from 3312 to 2076 mg\/g d.m. for chitosan beads, and from 2734 to 2148 mg\/g d.m. for modified sawdust immobilised in chitosan. The immobilisation of sawdust on chitosan resulted in effective adsorption of both anionic and cationic dyes.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan; chitosan beads; modified sawdust immobilised in chitosan, dye<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-007\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 92\u2013105<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Influence of initial state of chitosan membranes on their separation properties in pervaporative dehydration<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ma\u0142gorzata Gnus <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-4412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Ma\u0142gorzata Gnus \u2014 0000-0002-1066-4412\" aria-label=\"ORCID Ma\u0142gorzata Gnus \u2014 0000-0002-1066-4412\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.007<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/INFLUENCE_OF_INITIAL_STATE_OF_CHITOSAN_MEMBRANES_ON_THEIR_SEPARATION_PROPERTIES_IN_PERVAPORATIVE_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>In this study, membranes from chitosan with different molecular weights (175-230 kDa) and degree of deacetylation (92%-98%) were prepared and dehydration of a ethanol-water azeotropic mixture by pervaporation on membranes in the swollen and dry initial state was investigated. The influence of chitosan characteristics and the effect of the initial membrane state on separation properties are discussed. The structure of the obtained membranes changed during the drying process and affected the membrane transport parameters and time to membrane stabilisation. The impact of chitosan characteristics on the transport parameters depended on the initial membrane state. The chitosan molecular weight influenced ethanol transport, whereas the chitosan degree of deacetylation affected water transport. In addition, chitosan with the lowest molecular weight improved the separation properties of the membranes.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan, membrane initial state, pervaporation, ethanol dehydration, transport parameters<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-008\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 106\u2013115<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Influence of selected polymers on pharmaceutical properties of mucosal systems containing acyclovir<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Bo\u017cena Grimling <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-9293\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Bo\u017cena Grimling \u2014 0000-0002-8574-9293\" aria-label=\"ORCID Bo\u017cena Grimling \u2014 0000-0002-8574-9293\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.008<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/INFLUENCE_OF_SELECTED_POLYMERS_ON_PHARMACEUTICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_MUCOSAL_SYSTEMS_CONTAINING_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The aim of this paper was to formulate the composition of a bioadhesive film obtained based on acyclovir incorporated into natural bioadhesive polymers (chitosan and guar gum) in different quantitative ratios. To this end, the author developed a technology for preparing films containing various quantitative ratios of chitosan to guar gum: 1:0.25; 1:0.50; 1:0.75; 1:1; and 1.2:0.50. The formulations were used to prepare mucoadhesive films containing 2% acyclovir. The dressings were tested with respect to their physicochemical properties and subjected to dissolution testing. A comparative analysis of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of pure polymers, acyclovir, and films containing polymers in different quantitative ratios was conducted. The quantitative ratio of chitosan to guar gum significantly impacted the mechanical properties of films: texture, elasticity, tensile strength, swelling, and blur time of the testes carriers. The 1:1 formulation showed the highest mechanical strength and flexibility. The dressing containing 1.2% chitosan and 0.5% guar gum had the longest blur time. An increase in the chitosan content in the formulation significantly affected the drug dissolution parameters, which makes it possible to achieve the desired effect of extended-release time. The FT-IR spectra excluded the formation of drug-polymer interactions. Changes in the quantitative ratios of chitosan and guar game in the carrier\u2019s composition may impact the mechanical properties of the drug formulation and changes in the parameters of active substance release.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, guar gum, acyclovir, mucoadhesive film, carrier<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-009\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 116\u2013134<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effect of ionic and covalent crosslinking of hydrogel chitosan beads on the adsorption efficiency of Basic Violet 10 and Basic Green 4 dyes from aqueous solutions<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Tomasz J\u00f3\u017awiak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-9827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Tomasz J\u00f3\u017awiak \u2014 0000-0003-3360-9827\" aria-label=\"ORCID Tomasz J\u00f3\u017awiak \u2014 0000-0003-3360-9827\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Urszula Filipkowska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-6558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Urszula Filipkowska \u2014 0000-0003-0140-6558\" aria-label=\"ORCID Urszula Filipkowska \u2014 0000-0003-0140-6558\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Magdalena Filipkowska<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.009<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/EFFECT_OF_IONIC_AND_COVALENT_CROSSLINKING_OF_HYDROGEL_CHITOSAN_BEADS_ON_THE_ADSORPTION_EFFICIENCY_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>This work investigated the adsorption efficiency of Basic Violet 10 (BV10) and Basic Green 4 (BG4) dyes on ionically and covalently crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads. The tested ionic crosslinkers were sodium citrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and sulphosuccinic acid, while the covalent crosslinkers were glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin, and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether. The scope of the work included investigation of the effect of pH on the adsorption efficiency of dyes and the maximum adsorption capacity of crosslinked chitosan adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity of the non-crosslinked chitosan adsorbent was 2.94 mg\/g and 44.32 mg\/g for BV10 and BG4, respectively. Ionic crosslinking, regardless of the type of crosslinking agent, reduced the adsorption ability of hydrogel chitosan adsorbents in relation to cationic dyes (Q<sub>max<\/sub> = 1.84-2.49 mg\/g for BV10; 37.21-38.90 mg\/g for BG4). Covalent crosslinking of chitosan slightly increased its adsorption capacity only for BV10 (Q<sub>max<\/sub> = 3.59-3.81 mg\/g for BV10; 39.15-40.62 mg\/g for BG4).<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan; Covalent crosslinking agents; Ionic crosslinking agents; Basic Violet 10; Basic Green 4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-010\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 135\u2013153<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Biological behaviour of chitosan electrospun nanofibrous membranes after different neutralisation methods<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Viktoriia Korniienko <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-2138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Viktoriia Korniienko \u2014 0000-0002-5144-2138\" aria-label=\"ORCID Viktoriia Korniienko \u2014 0000-0002-5144-2138\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Yevheniia Husak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-3717\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Yevheniia Husak \u2014 0000-0002-2217-3717\" aria-label=\"ORCID Yevheniia Husak \u2014 0000-0002-2217-3717\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Anna Yanovska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8040-7457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Anna Yanovska \u2014 0000-0001-8040-7457\" aria-label=\"ORCID Anna Yanovska \u2014 0000-0001-8040-7457\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">\u015eahin Altundal<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Kateryna Diedkova<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Yevhen Samokhin<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Yuliia Varava<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Viktoriia Holubnycha <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-2550\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Viktoriia Holubnycha \u2014 0000-0002-1241-2550\" aria-label=\"ORCID Viktoriia Holubnycha \u2014 0000-0002-1241-2550\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Roman Viter <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9996-041X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Roman Viter \u2014 0000-0002-9996-041X\" aria-label=\"ORCID Roman Viter \u2014 0000-0002-9996-041X\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Maksym Pogorielov <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-7791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Maksym Pogorielov \u2014 0000-0001-9372-7791\" aria-label=\"ORCID Maksym Pogorielov \u2014 0000-0001-9372-7791\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.010<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/BIOLOGICAL_BEHAVIOUR_OF_CHITOSAN_ELECTROSPUN_NANOFIBROUS_MEMBRANES_AFTER_DIFFERENT_NEUTRALISATION_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan electrospun nanofibres were synthesised in two different trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)\/dichloromethane (DCM) solvent ratios and then neutralised in aqueous and ethanol sodium-based solutions (NaOH and Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>) to produce insoluble materials with enhanced biological properties for regenerative and tissue engineering applications. Structural, electronic, and optical properties and the swelling capacity of the prepared nanofibre membrane were studied by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. Cell viability (with the U2OS cell line) and antibacterial properties (against <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> and <em>Escherichia coli<\/em>) assays were used to assess the biomedical potential of the neutralised chitosan nanofibrous membranes. A 7:3 TFA\/DCM ratio allows for an elaborate nanofibrous membrane with a more uniform fibre size distribution. Neutralisation in aqueous NaOH only maintains a partial fibrous structure. At the same time, neutralisation in NaOH ethanol-water maintains the structure during 1 month of degradation in phosphate-buffered saline and distilled water. All membranes demonstrate high biocompatibility, but neutralisation in ethanol solutions affects cell proliferation on materials made with 9:1 TFA\/DCM. The prepared nanofibrous mats could constrain the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, but 7:3 TFA\/DCM membranes inhibited bacterial growth more efficiently. Based on structural, degradation, and biological properties, 7:3 TFA\/DCM chitosan nanofibrous membranes neutralised by 70% ethanol\/30% aqueous NaOH exhibit potential for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan; nanofibres; electrospinning; neutralisation; antibacterial; biocompatibility<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-011\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 154\u2013161<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effect of chitosan and <em>meta<\/em>-topolin in micropropagation of <em>Vaccinium corymbosum<\/em><\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-9122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz \u2014 0000-0002-4333-9122\" aria-label=\"ORCID Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz \u2014 0000-0002-4333-9122\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agata Jurkiewicz<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ireneusz Ochmian <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-1927\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Ireneusz Ochmian \u2014 0000-0002-3606-1927\" aria-label=\"ORCID Ireneusz Ochmian \u2014 0000-0002-3606-1927\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Monika Figiel-Kroczy\u0144ska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-4004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Monika Figiel-Kroczy\u0144ska \u2014 0000-0003-4378-4004\" aria-label=\"ORCID Monika Figiel-Kroczy\u0144ska \u2014 0000-0003-4378-4004\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.011<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/EFFECT_OF_CHITOSAN_AND_META_TOPOLIN_IN_MICROPROPAGATION_OF_VACCINIUM_CORYMBOSUM_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The culture medium is often optimised to improve growth and morphogenesis in vitro. The efficiency of chitosan (CH) and <em>meta<\/em>-topolin (mT) on in vitro growth of blueberries (<em>Vaccinium corymbosum<\/em>) cv Liberty was investigated. The explants were grown on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with mT at a concentration of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg l<sup>\u22121<\/sup> and WPM with chitosan with a molecular weight 3.33 kDa at 10, 20, and 40 ppm. WPM with the addition of 0.1 mg l<sup>\u22121<\/sup> zeatin was used as a control. Among the tested combinations, the maximum mean shoot length (23.81 cm), the number of new shoots (1.34), fresh mass (42.29 g), and dry mass (14.24 g) were recorded on the control medium. The addition of lower concentrations of chitosan (10 and 20 ppm) to the WPM medium decreased shoot length (23%-24.5% of control), fresh mass (30%-40% of control), and dry mass (20%-29% of control). However, blueberries treated with 40 ppm chitosan had similar shoot lengths, but darker (112% of control) and greener (139% of control) leaves compared with the control. In contrast, mT had a negative effect on the studied traits of Liberty blueberries, regardless of the concentration.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, in vitro, blueberry, cytokinin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-012\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 162\u2013174<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitin nanofibres as reinforcement for hydroxyapatite-based composite preparation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Tomasz Macha\u0142owski<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Miko\u0142aj Koz\u0142owski<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agnieszka Ko\u0142odziejczak-Radzimska<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Jaros\u0142aw Jakubowicz<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Teofil Jesionowski<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.012<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/CHITIN_NANOFIBRES_AS_REINFORCEMENT_FOR_HYDROXYAPATITE_BASED_COMPOSITE_PREPARATION_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The development and improvement of chitin applications have drawn special attention from the global scientific community due to their extraordinary features and abundance. In this study, \u03b2-chitin nanofibres were obtained using the ultrasonication treatment method. Then, hydroxyapatite\/ nanochitin (HAp\/NCh) composites were prepared at different maturation times. In this case, mixtures of various amounts of \u03b2-chitin nanofibres (1%, 2%, and 5%) were added during the HAp precipitation approach. The prepared HAp\/NCh materials were characterised with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface of prepared specimens was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The presence of nanofibres was confirmed by non-invasive backscattering with dynamic light scattering particle size analysis. Moreover, the synergic effect of chitin nanofibres on the mechanical resistance of HAp-based composite was investigated. The sample with 5% of chitin nanofibres exhibited about 10 times higher compression strength than the pure HAp. All these results essentially indicate that the prepared material can be a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering applications and further development.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>hydroxyapatite, nanochitin, biocomposites<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-013\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 175\u2013182<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Physicochemical properties of gels with chitosan that protect the oesophageal mucosa<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-835X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" aria-label=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.013<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/PHYSICOCHEMICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_GELS_WITH_CHITOSAN_THAT_PROTECT_THE_OESOPHAGEAL_MUCOSA_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The incidence of reflux disease increases with age, regardless of gender. This disease is diagnosed more often in highly developed countries. In addition to acidic reflux, the discharge of alkaline intestinal contents into the oesophagus is a major problem. This study was undertaken to examine whether hydrogels prevent irritation of the oesophageal mucosa. The aim was to investigate the influence of chitosan and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose on the properties of chitosan-containing gels. Preparations containing 4.0% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose showed the lowest pH. These gels could be used to treat advanced alkaline reflux. The addition of chitosan to all tested gels increased their pH and dynamic viscosity. The texture tests showed the effect of the hydroxypropylmethylcellulose concentration on the adhesion work of the tested gels.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>gastroesophageal alkaline reflux, physiological environment of gastroesophageal, hydrophilic gels, oesophageal mucosa, anti-inflammatory drugs, oesophageal infections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-014\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 183\u2013193<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Influence of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt on the protective properties of gels with chitosan for the oesophageal mucosa<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-835X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" aria-label=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.014<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/INFLUENCE_OF_CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE_SODIUM_SALT_ON_THE_PROTECTIVE_PROPERTIES_OF_GELS_WITH_CHITOSAN_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a serious social problem that affects every sphere of life. The quality of life of people with this disease is reduced due to the presence of troublesome symptoms, which translates into reduced work efficiency and vitality. The major problem is acidic gastro-oesophageal reflux. This study was undertaken to examine whether hydrogels prevent irritation of the oesophageal mucosa. The aim was to investigate the influence of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt on the protective properties of prepared gels in the treatment of acid reflux. The addition of chitosan to all tested gels increased their pH and dynamic viscosity. Preparations containing 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt showed the highest pH. The texture tests showed the effect of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt concentration on the adhesion work of the tested gels. These gels could be used in the treatment of advanced acid reflux.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>gastroesophageal acid reflux, physiological environment of gastroesophageal, hydrophilic gels, oesophageal mucosa, anti-inflammatory drugs, oesophageal infections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-015\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 194\u2013203<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The effect of different molecular weights of chitosan on the yield, quality, and health-promoting properties of strawberries<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ireneusz Ochmian <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-1927\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Ireneusz Ochmian \u2014 0000-0002-3606-1927\" aria-label=\"ORCID Ireneusz Ochmian \u2014 0000-0002-3606-1927\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Sabina Lachowicz <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6182-0211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Sabina Lachowicz \u2014 0000-0001-6182-0211\" aria-label=\"ORCID Sabina Lachowicz \u2014 0000-0001-6182-0211\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-9122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz \u2014 0000-0002-4333-9122\" aria-label=\"ORCID Marcelina Krupa-Ma\u0142kiewicz \u2014 0000-0002-4333-9122\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.015<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/THE_EFFECT_OF_DIFFERENT_MOLECULAR_WEIGHTS_OF_CHITOSAN_ON_THE_YIELD_QUALITY_AND_HEALTH_PROMOTING_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan could be an alternative to synthetic plant protection chemicals commonly used in strawberry cultivation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan with different molecular weights on the yield, health, and quality of Korona cultivar strawberries. The largest number of strawberries was harvested from plants sprayed with chitosan with a molecular weight of 50k kDa (611 g\/plant). On the other hand, the largest (1017 g\/100 fruit) and the firmest (225 G mm) strawberries were harvested from plants sprayed with chitosan125k kDa. Compared with the control, chitosan with a molecular weight &gt;50 kDa also increased the contents of l-ascorbic acid and polyphenols and the antioxidant activity and improved fruit colour compared with the control. The plants were also more resistant to grey mould infestation. The experiment has shown that how chitosan interacts with fruit depends on its molecular weight, and chitosan with a higher molecular weight has a better effect on most traits determining fruit quality.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>antioxidant activity, colour, grey mould, firmness, fruit size, polyphenols<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-016\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 204\u2013216<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Combined microwave-assisted subcritical liquid extraction of chitosan from crab shell waste<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ramyah Segaran<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Rozita Omar <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3875-8218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Rozita Omar \u2014 0000-0002-3875-8218\" aria-label=\"ORCID Rozita Omar \u2014 0000-0002-3875-8218\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Yuni Kusumastuti <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-6754\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Yuni Kusumastuti \u2014 0000-0002-0142-6754\" aria-label=\"ORCID Yuni Kusumastuti \u2014 0000-0002-0142-6754\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Razif Harun <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9913-568X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Razif Harun \u2014 0000-0002-9913-568X\" aria-label=\"ORCID Razif Harun \u2014 0000-0002-9913-568X\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Siti Mazlina Mustafa Kamal <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-5839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Siti Mazlina Mustafa Kamal \u2014 0000-0002-4893-5839\" aria-label=\"ORCID Siti Mazlina Mustafa Kamal \u2014 0000-0002-4893-5839\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.016<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/COMBINED_MICROWAVE_ASSISTED_SUBCRITICAL_LIQUID_EXTRACTION_OF_CHITOSAN_FROM_CRAB_SHELL_WASTE_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Current chitosan extraction methods require a highly concentrated alkaline solvent that is costly and environmentally unfriendly. This study aimed to assess the potential of using subcritical liquid deproteination to produce amorphous chitin to reduce the alkaline concentration during the deacetylation step to obtain high-quality chitosan. A combination of microwave-assisted demineralisation, subcritical liquid (SL) deproteination, and conventional deacetylation was employed for chitosan production. Distilled water and 2% and 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used at subcritical liquid treatment temperatures of 100 to 250\u00b0C. Meanwhile, deacetylation using 20%-50% NaOH was attempted on the deproteinised chitin. 1.8 M hydrochloric acid at a 1:10 solid-to-liquid solvent ratio produced chitin with acceptable quality during microwave-assisted demineralisation. Demineralised chitin subjected to SL treatment at 150\u00b0C and 4% NaOH had the best protein removal (84.6%). Chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (80.68%) was obtained at a lower alkalinity of 30% NaOH, derived from SL-deproteinised chitin (4% NaOH at 100\u00b0C). The crystallinity of chitin after SL treatment was reduced significantly from 72.4% to 59.4%, which allows easier access for the solvent to hydrolyse the acetamide bond. This study confirms that good quality chitosan can be produced by utilising SL treatment of demineralised chitin at a significantly short time and lower deacetylation solvent concentration.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan, microwave-assisted, subcritical liquid deproteination, deacetylation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-27-017\">\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvii\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 217\u2013227<\/div>\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Synthesis of new chitosan-carbonate hydroxyapatite composites with potential application in bone tissue engineering \u2013 physicochemical analysis<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Justyna Urbaniak<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Barbara Ko\u0142odziejska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-8290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Barbara Ko\u0142odziejska \u2014 0000-0003-4325-8290\" aria-label=\"ORCID Barbara Ko\u0142odziejska \u2014 0000-0003-4325-8290\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agnieszka Kaflak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6864-2144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agnieszka Kaflak \u2014 0000-0002-6864-2144\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agnieszka Kaflak \u2014 0000-0002-6864-2144\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.27.017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.27.017<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/SYNTHESIS_OF_NEW_CHITOSAN_CARBONATE_HYDROXYAPATITE_COMPOSITESWITH_POTENTIAL_APPLICATION_IN_BONE_PTChit_XXVII_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The subject of this study was the synthesis of 12 chitosan-hydroxyapatite (CH:HA) composites with different contents of carbonate ions (CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2\u2212<\/sup>), in two weight ratios of CH to HA (30:70 and 50:50), and two viscosities of CH (low [L] and high [H]). The method of direct co-precipitation of the introduced reagents was used. The structure of the obtained materials was characterised by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The FT-IR spectra revealed the bands and ranges of the characteristic bands for CH and HA. The presence of CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2\u2212<\/sup> introduced into the structure of the obtained composites was identified by infrared spectroscopy. A reduction in the size of HA unit cells was observed in the obtained CH:HA biocomposites, in materials with a higher content of incorporated CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2\u2212<\/sup>. The obtained nanomaterials are similar to natural bone tissue. Future research will focus on the evaluation of the obtained materials as a drug delivery system.<\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, hydroxyapatite, biocomposite CH:HA, bone tissue, FT-IR, PXRD<\/span><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><p class=\"pcacd-brak\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden>Brak publikacji spe\u0142niaj\u0105cych kryteria wyszukiwania.<\/p><script>(function () {\n 'use strict';\n var root=document.getElementById('pcacd-artykuly-2022');\n if(!root||root.dataset.pcacdReady)return; root.dataset.pcacdReady='1';\n var input=root.querySelector('.pcacd-szukaj'), clear=root.querySelector('.pcacd-wyczysc'), empty=root.querySelector('.pcacd-brak');\n var scientific=Array.prototype.slice.call(root.querySelectorAll('.pcacd-karta'));\n var cards=Array.prototype.slice.call(root.querySelectorAll('.pcacd-karta,[data-pcacd-editorial]'));\n var en=\/^en\\b\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang)||\/^\\\/en(?:\\\/|$)\/.test(location.pathname);\n if(en){\n  root.querySelectorAll('[data-pcacd-editorial] .pcacd-linki a').forEach(function(a){a.textContent='Full text PDF \u2197';});\n  input.placeholder='Title, author, keywords or abstract\u2026'; input.setAttribute('aria-label','Search titles, author names, keywords and abstracts');\n  clear.title='Clear search'; clear.setAttribute('aria-label','Clear search'); empty.textContent='No articles match your search criteria.';\n  root.querySelector('.pcacd-tytul-listy').textContent='Search articles';\n  scientific.forEach(function(c){\n   var k=c.querySelector('.pcacd-rodzaj'); k.textContent=k.textContent.replace('Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy','Review article').replace('Artyku\u0142 oryginalny','Research article').replace('Strony','Pages');\n   var nd=c.querySelector('.pcacd-doi-brak');if(nd)nd.textContent='DOI: Not available';\n   var sm=c.querySelector('summary');if(sm)sm.textContent='Show abstract';var kw=c.querySelector('.pcacd-slowa strong');if(kw)kw.textContent='Keywords:';\n   var p=c.querySelector('.pcacd-linki a:last-child');if(p)p.textContent='Full text PDF \u2197';\n   var top=c.querySelector('.pcacd-gora');top.title='Back to top of volume';top.setAttribute('aria-label','Back to top of volume');\n  });\n }\n function normalise(s){return(s||'').normalize('NFKD').replace(\/[\\u0300-\\u036f]\/g,'').toLowerCase().replace(\/\u0142\/g,'l').replace(\/\u00b5\/g,'\u03bc').replace(\/[\u2212\u2013\u2014\u207b]\/g,'-').replace(\/\u207a\/g,'+').replace(\/\\s*([+\u2212-])\\s*\/g,'$1').replace(\/\\s+\/g,' ').trim();}\n var index=cards.map(function(c){return normalise(Array.prototype.map.call(c.querySelectorAll('h3,summary,.pcacd-autorzy,.pcacd-abstrakt,.pcacd-slowa,.pcacd-doi'),function(e){return e.textContent;}).join(' '));});\n function update(){var q=normalise(input.value),count=0;cards.forEach(function(c,i){var show=!q||index[i].indexOf(q)!==-1;c.hidden=!show;if(show)count++;});empty.hidden=count!==0;clear.hidden=input.value.length===0;}\n input.addEventListener('input',update);input.addEventListener('search',update);\n clear.addEventListener('click',function(){input.value='';update();input.focus();});\n input.addEventListener('keydown',function(e){if(e.key==='Escape'){input.value='';update();}});\n update();\n})();<\/script>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d76278f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d76278f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Finansowanie: tre\u015b\u0107 i oryginalne logotypy z za\u0142\u0105czonej kopii strony 2024. 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