{"id":1236,"date":"2021-01-01T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-01-01T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/?p=1236"},"modified":"2026-10-23T11:22:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T09:22:19","slug":"xxvi-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2021\/01\/01\/xxvi-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"XXVI (2021)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1236\" class=\"elementor elementor-1236\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-645ddf32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"645ddf32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e466e7b\" data-id=\"e466e7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2556dc eael_simple_menu_hamburger_disable_selected_menu_no eael-simple-menu-hamburger-align-right eael-simple-menu-link-full-width eael-hamburger--tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-simple-menu\" data-id=\"b2556dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-simple-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n                        @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                                .eael-simple-menu-vertical {\n                                    display: none;\n                                }\n                            }\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-container .eael-simple-menu-toggle {\n                                    display: block;\n                                }\n                            }\n                        }\n                    <\/style><style>\n                        @media screen and (min-width: 1025px) {\n                        \/* Left aligned horizontal menus lay out with `float: left` on the\n                           items, so their list stays `block` - forcing flex here would\n                           take the items out of flow and break the row. Only centre and\n                           right aligned horizontal menus are inline-flex. *\/\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading > ul.eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading > ul.eael-simple-menu-vertical {\n                            display: block;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-center {\n                            text-align: center;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-right {\n                            text-align: right;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-center > ul.eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading.eael-simple-menu-align-right > ul.eael-simple-menu-horizontal {\n                            display: -webkit-inline-box;\n                            display: -ms-inline-flexbox;\n                            display: inline-flex;\n                        }\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading .eael-simple-menu-toggle,\n                        .elementor-element-b2556dc .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading .eael-simple-menu-toggle-text {\n                            display: none;\n                        }\n                        }\n                    <\/style>            <div data-hamburger-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fas fa-bars&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-indicator-icon=\"&lt;i aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;fas fa-angle-down&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" data-dropdown-indicator-icon=\"&lt;i class=&quot;fas fa-angle-down&quot;&gt;&lt;\/i&gt;\" class=\"eael-simple-menu-container eael-simple-menu--loading eael-simple-menu-align-left eael-simple-menu-dropdown-align-left preset-2 eael-simple-menu-link-full-width\" data-hamburger-breakpoints=\"{&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;Mobile Portrait (&gt; 767px)&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;Tablet Portrait (&gt; 1024px)&quot;,&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;Desktop (&gt; 2400px)&quot;,&quot;none&quot;:&quot;None&quot;}\" data-hamburger-device=\"tablet\">\n                <ul id=\"menu-czasopismo-pcacd\" class=\"eael-simple-menu eael-simple-menu-dropdown-animate-to-top eael-simple-menu-indicator eael-simple-menu-vertical\"><li id=\"menu-item-154\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-154\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/czasopismo-progress-on-chemistry-and-application-of-chitin-and-its-derivatives\/\">O czasopi\u015bmie<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-155\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/informacje-dla-autorow\/\">Informacje dla autor\u00f3w<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-157\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-157\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/wytyczne-etyki-publikacyjnej\/\">Wytyczne etyki publikacyjnej<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-5550\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5550\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2026\/10\/14\/procedura-redakcyjna-i-wydawnicza\/\">Procedura redakcyjna i wydawnicza<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-156\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-156\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/03\/11\/rada-programowa\/\">Rada programowa<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3370\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3370\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/11\/30\/dotacje\/\">Dotacje<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-5267\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-5267\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2026\/09\/29\/xxxi-2026\/\">XXXI (2026)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-4737\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4737\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2025\/09\/28\/xxx-2025\/\">XXX (2025)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-4503\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-4503\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2024\/09\/30\/xxix-2024\/\">XXIX (2024)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3995\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3995\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2023\/09\/30\/xxviii-2023\/\">XXVIII (2023)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3297\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3297\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2022\/10\/21\/xxvii-2022\/\">XXVII (2022)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3750\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3750\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2021\/01\/01\/xxvi-2021\/\">XXVI (2021)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3764\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3764\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2020\/01\/01\/xxv-2020\/\">XXV (2020)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3763\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3763\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2019\/01\/01\/xxiv-2019\/\">XXIV (2019)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3762\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3762\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2018\/01\/01\/xxiii-2018\/\">XXIII (2018)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3761\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3761\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2017\/01\/01\/xxii-2017\/\">XXII (2017)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3760\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3760\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2016\/01\/01\/xxi-2016\/\">XXI (2016)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3759\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3759\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2015\/01\/01\/xx-2015\/\">XX (2015)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3754\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3754\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2014\/01\/01\/xix-2014\/\">XIX (2014)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3758\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3758\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2013\/01\/01\/xviii-2013\/\">XVIII (2013)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3757\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3757\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2012\/01\/14\/xvii-2012\/\">XVII (2012)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3756\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3756\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2011\/01\/01\/xvi-2011\/\">XVI (2011)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3755\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3755\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2010\/01\/01\/xv-2010\/\">XV (2010)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3753\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3753\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2007\/01\/01\/xii-2007\/\">XII (2007)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3752\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3752\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2006\/01\/14\/xi-2006\/\">XI (2006)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3751\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3751\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2004\/01\/01\/x-2004\/\">X (2004)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3765\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3765\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2003\/01\/01\/ix-2003\/\">IX (2003)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3766\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-3766\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2002\/01\/10\/viii-2002\/\">VIII (2002)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-192\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-192\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/2001\/01\/01\/vii-2001\/\">VII (2001)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-193\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-193\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1998\/01\/01\/iv-1998\/\">IV (1998)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-194\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-194\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1997\/01\/01\/iii-1997\/\">III (1997)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-195\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-195\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1996\/01\/01\/ii-1996\/\">II (1996)<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-196\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-196\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/en\/1995\/01\/01\/i-1995\/\">I (1995)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>                <button class=\"eael-simple-menu-toggle\">\n                    <span class=\"sr-only \">Hamburger Toggle Menu<\/span>\n                    <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-bars\"><\/i>                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5379d2c6\" data-id=\"5379d2c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d07a154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d07a154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- PCACD XXVI (2021): osobny wid\u017cet HTML. Nowy JPG: podmie\u0144 placeholder. Adresy historycznych plik\u00f3w zachowano ze \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142; dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 WWW opisana w raporcie. -->\n<section id=\"pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" aria-label=\"Informacje o tomie XXVI czasopisma PCACD\">\n<style>\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi,\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi {\n      background: transparent;\n      color: #25364b;\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 14px 4px 8px;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #b9c3ce;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-uklad {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      align-items: flex-start;\n      gap: 26px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-okladka-link {\n      display: block;\n      flex: 0 0 180px;\n      max-width: 100%;\n      line-height: 0;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-okladka {\n      display: block;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: auto;\n      border: 1px solid #9fabba;\n      border-radius: 3px;\n      box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(25, 43, 65, .12);\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-informacje {\n      flex: 1 1 310px;\n      min-width: 0;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-rok {\n      color: #5c6f83;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 1px;\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-tom {\n      color: #233b59;\n      font-size: 25px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      line-height: 1.3;\n      margin: 0 0 12px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-tytul {\n      color: #263e59;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      margin: 0 0 15px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-dane {\n      color: #405269;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.8;\n      margin: 0 0 14px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-licencja {\n      color: #2a4768;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-przyciski {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 9px;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-przyciski a {\n      background: transparent;\n      border: 1px solid #98aabe;\n      border-radius: 4px;\n      color: #24486d;\n      display: inline-block;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      padding: 9px 12px;\n      text-decoration: none;\n    }\n\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-przyciski a:hover,\n    #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-przyciski a:focus-visible {\n      border-color: #526d8b;\n      color: #16334f;\n      text-decoration: underline;\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi { padding: 10px 2px 8px; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-uklad { gap: 20px; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-okladka-link { flex-basis: 150px; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-informacje { flex-basis: 100%; }\n      #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-tom { font-size: 22px; }\n    }\n  \n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi {scroll-margin-top:20px;}\n\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-tom-wiersz {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-tom-wiersz .pcacd-tom {margin:0;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-nawigacja {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-nawigacja a {display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none;color:#24486d;border:1px solid #a9b8c8;border-radius:4px;background:transparent;padding:6px 10px;font:500 12px\/1.4 Arial,sans-serif;}\n#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-nawigacja a:hover, #pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-nawigacja a:focus-visible {border-color:#526d8b;text-decoration:underline;outline-offset:2px;}\n@media(max-width:640px) {#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi .pcacd-nawigacja {flex-basis:100%;}}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"pcacd-uklad\">\n<div class=\"pcacd-okladka-link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"pcacd-okladka\" src=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/PCACD-updated-data-2026\/PCACD_2021_FRONT_COVER.jpg\" alt=\"Ujednolicona przednia ok\u0142adka PCACD, tom XXVI (2021)\" width=\"180\" height=\"256\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"pcacd-informacje\"><p class=\"pcacd-rok\" data-no-translation>PCACD \u00b7 2021<\/p>\n<div class=\"pcacd-tom-wiersz\"><h2 class=\"pcacd-tom\">Tom XXVI (26)<\/h2>\n<nav class=\"pcacd-nawigacja\" aria-label=\"Nawigacja mi\u0119dzy tomami\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/2020\/01\/01\/xxv-2020\/\" data-pcacd-volume-link>\u2190 Poprzedni tom<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/2022\/10\/21\/xxvii-2022\/\" data-pcacd-volume-link>Nast\u0119pny tom \u2192<\/a><\/nav><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcacd-tytul\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives (PCACD)<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"pcacd-dane\"><strong>ISSN (druk):<\/strong> <span data-no-translation>1896-5644<\/span><br><strong>Zawarto\u015b\u0107:<\/strong> 19 artyku\u0142\u00f3w<\/p>\n<p class=\"pcacd-licencja\"><span data-no-translation>Open Access \u00b7 CC BY 4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pcacd-przyciski\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Title_page_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Strony tytu\u0142owe i spis tre\u015bci (PDF) \u2197<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<script>(function(){var r=document.getElementById('pcacd-naglowek-xxvi');if(!r)return;var en=\/^en\\b\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang)||\/^\\\/en(?:\\\/|$)\/.test(location.pathname);var nav=r.querySelector('.pcacd-nawigacja');if(en&&nav){nav.setAttribute('aria-label','Volume navigation');r.querySelector('.pcacd-tom').textContent='Volume XXVI (26)';r.setAttribute('aria-label','Information about PCACD Volume XXVI');r.querySelector('.pcacd-okladka').alt='Unified front cover of PCACD, Volume XXVI (2021)';r.querySelector('.pcacd-dane strong').textContent='ISSN (print):';r.querySelector('.pcacd-przyciski a').textContent='Title pages and table of contents (PDF) \u2197';Array.prototype.forEach.call(nav.querySelectorAll('a'),function(a,i){var u=new URL(a.href,location.href);if(u.hostname==='ptchit.lodz.pl'&&!\/^\\\/en\\\/\/.test(u.pathname))u.pathname='\/en'+u.pathname;a.href=u.href;a.textContent=a.textContent.indexOf('\u2190')>=0?'\u2190 Previous volume':'Next volume \u2192';});}})();<\/script><\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b71d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b2b71d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- PCACD XXVI (2021): wszystkie publikacje w jednym wid\u017cecie HTML. -->\r\n<div id=\"pcacd-artykuly-2021\">\r\n<style>\r\n\/* Tylko lista PCACD 2021 \u2013 bez zmian w szablonie PTChit *\/\r\n#pcacd-artykuly-2021 {font-family:Arial,sans-serif; 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Wszystkie publikacje s\u0105 widoczne; abstrakty mo\u017cna rozwija\u0107.<\/p><\/noscript><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-lista\">\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-001\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy | Strony 5\u201310<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>New aspects of the enzymatic breakdown of chitin: a review<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Urszula Jankiewicz <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2240-6629\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Urszula Jankiewicz \u2014 0000-0003-2240-6629\" aria-label=\"ORCID Urszula Jankiewicz \u2014 0000-0003-2240-6629\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Arletta Kocha\u0144ska-Jeziorska<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agnieszka Ga\u0142\u0105zka <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1151-0260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agnieszka Ga\u0142\u0105zka \u2014 0000-0003-1151-0260\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agnieszka Ga\u0142\u0105zka \u2014 0000-0003-1151-0260\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.001<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/NEW_ASPECTS_OF_THE_ENZYMATIC_BREAKDOWN_OF_CHITIN-_A_REVIEW_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>This review focuses on the enzymatic breakdown of chitin, taking into account the latest scientific reports on the activity of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO). Chitin is a natural, abundant polysaccharide of great practical importance in the environment. However, the insolubility in water and the tightly packed crystalline structure of chitin pose a serious obstacle to enzymatic degradation. This substrate can be converted into soluble sugars by the action of glycosidic hydrolases (GH), also known as chitinases. LPMO could prove to be helpful in enzymatic processes that increase the rate of chitin depolymerisation by improving the availability of substrates for chitinases. The unique action of LPMO is based on the ability to catalyse the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic chains present in complex, resistant crystal networks of chitin, and this cleavage facilitates the subsequent action of glycolytic hydrolases.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>enzymatic degradation, chitinases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-002\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy | Strony 11\u201322<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Biomaterials based on chitosan and its derivatives to prevent adhesion formation<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Mariya Konovalova<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Daria Tsaregorodtseva<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Elena Svirshchevskaya <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-9298\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Elena Svirshchevskaya \u2014 0000-0002-5647-9298\" aria-label=\"ORCID Elena Svirshchevskaya \u2014 0000-0002-5647-9298\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/BIOMATERIALS_BASED_ON_CHITOSAN_AND_ITS_DERIVATIVES_TO_PREVENT_ADHESION__FORMATION_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>An increase in the number and volume of surgical interventions leads to an increase in the frequency of postoperative adhesions. The development of the adhesion process in the abdominal cavity causes pain, a decrease in the quality of life of patients, a violation of the reproductive function of women as well as acute adhesion intestinal obstruction. Recently, polymer biomaterials, including those based on chitosan, have been widely used for the prevention of adhesions. Due to their biocompatibility and biodegradation ability, they do not require repeated operations to extract the material. It is believed that these materials act as barriers, physically separating the damaged surfaces. The molecular mechanism of their action is still poorly understood. In this review, the main mechanisms of adhesion formation, as well as ways to prevent them with the help of materials based on chitosan and its derivatives, are discussed.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>prevention of adhesions, biomaterials, polymers, chitosan, derivatives of chitosan<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-003\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy | Strony 23\u201340<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>From chitin to chitosan \u2013 a potential natural antimicrobial agent<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Zofia Nuc<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Aldona Dobrzycka-Krahel<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.003<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/FROM_CHITIN_TO_CHITOSAN_\u2013_A_POTENTIAL_NATURAL_ANTIMICROBIAL_AGENT_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitin is a naturally occurring polymer. Together with its derivatives such as chitosan, it has a wide spectrum of application possibilities, and many properties not yet exploited. Chitosan possesses many features desirable in an ideal antimicrobial polymer. It shows activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal strains that pose a challenge to modern medicine. Chitosan also shows activity against certain viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It might be used as a drug or a vaccine delivery system, is biodegradable, bioavailable and considered safe for medical use. It is important to continue exploring the potential of chitosan, as well as to investigate its sources. Indeed, many sources of this polymer are still not or have been poorly described. In this paper, we compile the current state of knowledge on the antimicrobial properties of chitosan, list alternative sources of chitin to highlight the potential of these two polymers and encourage further research.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitin extraction, chitosan, antimicrobial activity, sources of chitin<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-004\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy | Strony 41\u201360<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>SARS-CoV-2 \u2013 the latest global threat and the prospect of COVID-19 therapy with the use of chitosan<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Katarzyna Pieklarz<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Zofia Modrzejewska<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.004<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/SARS-COV-2_\u2013_THE_LATEST_GLOBAL_THREAT_AND_THE_PROSPECT_OF_COVID-19_THERAPY__WITH_THE_USE_OF_CHITOSAN__PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Epidemics of infectious diseases have always been a threat to humanity and have contributed to increased mortality in the affected areas. This also applies to a new species of coronavirus identified in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite preventive measures implemented all over the world to minimise the spread of the pathogen as well as the development of vaccines, which have been approved for emergency use, the situation is still worrying. Moreover, the problem is exacerbated by the lack of targeted treatments for COVID-19 patients. One possible solution is the using preparations based on natural raw materials, including chitosan. This biopolymer is of great interest due to a number of unique biological properties, among which its antiviral effect is a key feature. Hence, this paper presents the application possibilities of chitosan-based solutions in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, chitosan<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-005\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 61\u201370<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effect of selected mucoadhesive polymers on pharmaceutical properties of chitosan formulations<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Bo\u017cena Grimling <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-9293\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Bo\u017cena Grimling \u2014 0000-0002-8574-9293\" aria-label=\"ORCID Bo\u017cena Grimling \u2014 0000-0002-8574-9293\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.005<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/EFFECT_OF_SELECTED_MUCOADHESIVE_POLYMERS_ON_PHARMACEUTICAL_PROPERTIES__OF_CHITOSAN_FORMULATIONS_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The aim of this study was to develop a technical process and composition of mucoadhesive hydrogels containing benzocaine, based on different concentration ratios of the natural polymers chitosan and xanthan gum. For this purpose, lyophilisates of polymeric complexes with the quantitative ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1 and 1:0.5 chitosan to xanthan gum were prepared and subsequently used to prepare hydrogels of various concentrations. The physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical availability of benzocaine were evaluated and diffractograms and Fourier-transform infrared spectra of individual polymers and their polyelectrolyte complexes were compared. The 1:1 formulation exhibited the highest water absorption capacity and the gels showed the highest viscosity and the shortest blurring times. More chitosan increased carrier texture parameters, including hardness, cohesiveness and consistency, whereas more xanthan gum led to the longest gel blurring times and improved carrier stability. The concentration ratio of chitosan to xanthan gum in lyophilisates determined the viscosity, texture, spreadability and blurring time of the gels. Increases in lyophilisate percentage in the gels also affected the physicochemical properties of the carrier. In addition, the proportions of polymers in the mixture did not influence the availability of the drug from the prepared gel; this factor appears to depend more on the lyophilisate content in the carrier. Variations in the ratio of chitosan to xanthan gum in the polymer complex as well as lyophilisate percentage in the gel may impact the properties of the hydrogel and its efficacy as a carrier for therapeutic substances administered to the oral cavity mucosa.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, xanthan gum, mucoadhesive polymers, hydrogel, benzocaine<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-006\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 71\u201379<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Formulation and characterisation of mucoadhesive dental applications containing benzydamine hydrochloride<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Bo\u017cena Grimling <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8574-9293\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Bo\u017cena Grimling \u2014 0000-0002-8574-9293\" aria-label=\"ORCID Bo\u017cena Grimling \u2014 0000-0002-8574-9293\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.006<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/XXVII_2022_006\/FORMULATION_AND_CHARACTERISATION_OF_MUCOADHESIVE_DENTAL_APPLICATIONS__CONTAINING_BENZYDAMINE_HYDROCHLORIDE_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The aim of this research was to develop a bioadhesive film based on benzydamine hydrochloride incorporated into natural bioadhesive polymers with different quantities of chitosan and guar gum but utilising a plasticiser. The obtained gels were deaerated by sonification, formed and evaporated by hot air drying; then, the properties were evaluated. Guar gum had a great influence on mechanical properties of the films \u2013 dynamic viscosity, texture, elasticity, stretching robustness, swelling and blur time. The formulations were used to obtain mucoadhesive films containing 0.3% benzydamine hydrochloride; they were tested for the release of the model drug. The amount of chitosan added to the formulation reduced the quantity of released substance and slowed down the release. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy did not reveal the creation of new chemical structures. In conclusion, the ratio of chitosan to guar gum in the medium impacts the mechanical properties and release parameters of the drug. These findings should enable researchers to match the parameter values to receive the most beneficial therapeutic outcome.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, guar gum, benzydamine hydrochloride, mucoadhesive film, dressing, carries<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-007\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 80\u201388<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Long-term radiation-induced effects on solid state chitosan<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Urszula Gryczka<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.007<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/LONG-TERM_RADIATION-INDUCED_EFFECTS_ON_SOLID_STATE_CHITOSAN_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Treatment of chitosan with ionising radiation is one of the methods by which it is modified for various applications. However, in the case of chitosan irradiated in the solid state, the radicals formed during irradiation can be stabilised in its crystalline phase and subsequently cause post-irradiation changes. It has been observed that further degradation of the polymer occurs during storage of the irradiated polymer, resulting in an increase in oxidation products and a decrease in deacetylation degree. This effect results from the transformation of radicals leading to the formation of stable nitroxyl radicals, a process observed years after irradiation.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, ionising irradiation, electron beam irradiation, post-irradiation effect<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-008\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 89\u2013100<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effect of chitosan film surface structure on the contact angle<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Sylwia Jagodzi\u0144ska<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Beata Pa\u0142ys<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Dariusz Wawro<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.008<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/EFFECT_OF_CHITOSAN_FILM_SURFACE_STRUCTURE_ON_THE_CONTACT_ANGLE_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the surface microstructure of chitosan films on the contact angle. Films without plasticising additives made of chitosan or regenerated chitosan were selected for the tests. A sessile drop method based on the European Pharmacopoeia was used to determine the contact angle. Due to the method of film production, the contact angle measurements were made on both the top and bottom surfaces of the film. For chitosan or regenerated chitosan films, the method of preparation slightly affected the difference in wettability between the top and bottom of the films, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. On the other hand, the wettability of the top and bottom of cellulose films varied greatly depending on the side of the film. Both chitosan and cellulose films had a homogeneous structure. There were differences in the microstructure between the top and the bottom of the sample in the cellulose film, a factor that affected the contact angle and thus the wettability of the surface.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>films, contact angle, microstructure, chitosan, cellulose<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-009\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 101\u2013111<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>A green method for the removal of zinc(II) ions from wastewater using modified biopolymers<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Christine Jeyaseelan<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Antil Jain<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ravin Jugade<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.009<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/A_GREEN_METHOD_FOR_THE_REMOVAL_OF_ZINCII_IONS_FROM_WASTEWATER_USING__MODIFED_BIOPOLYMERS__PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Zinc pollution in wastewater is a global problem because it is highly toxic. Zinc is commonly used in industries that transfer the water containing zinc directly into water sources, leading to pollution. Exposure to a high level of zinc causes major health problems. This study evaluated the adsorption of zinc ions from aqueous system using modified biopolymers of chitosan by crosslinking with sulphates using the batch adsorption method; the concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The sulphate cross-linked chitosan (SCC) was characterised by several method. The effects of various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, concentration, adsorbent dosage and temperature were investigated. Under the optimised conditions, the percentage efficiency for the removal of zinc(II) was up to 85%. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to analyse the equilibrium adsorption data along with kinetic studies. Various thermodynamic parameters have also been reported.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Adsorption, spectrophotometry, modified chitosan, zinc(II)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-010\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 112\u2013120<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Study of the effect of the physicochemical properties of chitosan on its haemostatic activity<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Oksana V. Kadyseva <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-3424\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Oksana V. Kadyseva \u2014 0000-0002-7524-3424\" aria-label=\"ORCID Oksana V. Kadyseva \u2014 0000-0002-7524-3424\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Vladimir N. Bykov<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Olga Y. Strelova<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Alexander N. Grebenyuk<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.010<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/STUDY_OF_THE_EFFECT_OF_THE_PHYSICOCHEMICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_CHITOSAN__ON_ITS_HAEMOSTATIC_ACTIVITY_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan are biopolymers that are actively used for the production of local haemostatic agents. The physicochemical characteristics that determine its biological properties include the molecular weight and the deacetylation degree. However, there is no linear relationship between these parameters and haemostatic activity. The most reliable method of confirming the effectiveness is still <em>in vivo<\/em> experiments. The ability to initiate haemostasis depends on the conformational transition of chitosan macromolecules. The highest efficiency <em>in vitro<\/em> was for samples in which the transition of a significant part of the molecules from the \u2018rigid rod\u2019 state to the \u2018globule\u2019 occurred at physiological pH. It is proposed to expand the list of indicators of chitosan that can be controlled to evaluate the quality of raw materials, related to haemostatic activity, to include the definition of the conformational transition at physiological pH.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, bleeding, haemostasis, conformation, NMR, UV\/Vis spectroscopy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-011\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 121\u2013134<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Preparation and characterisation of new biomaterials based on chitosan iodide with biologically active dyes<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Oksana Kalinkevich <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-2951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Oksana Kalinkevich \u2014 0000-0002-9631-2951\" aria-label=\"ORCID Oksana Kalinkevich \u2014 0000-0002-9631-2951\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Anatoly Sklyar<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Aleksei Kalinkevich <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4793-7568\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Aleksei Kalinkevich \u2014 0000-0002-4793-7568\" aria-label=\"ORCID Aleksei Kalinkevich \u2014 0000-0002-4793-7568\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Vadym Chivanov <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-2315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Vadym Chivanov \u2014 0000-0001-5845-2315\" aria-label=\"ORCID Vadym Chivanov \u2014 0000-0001-5845-2315\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Yevgen Zinchenko<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Yana Trofimenko<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Vadim Starikov<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Dmitry Sofronov<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Viktoriia Holubnycha<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.011<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/PREPARATION_AND_CHARACTERISATION_OF_NEW_BIOMATERIALS_BASED_ON_CHITOSAN__IODIDE_WITH_BIOLOGICALLY_ACTIVE_DYES_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>New composite materials were obtained based on chitosan iodide and organic dyes \u2013 methylene blue and fuchsine in fucorcin (Castellani liquid) \u2013 by using a simple synthetic procedure. The materials were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and visible and ultraviolet light spectroscopy. The dyes in the composites were distributed uniformly and did not form separate phases. These composites could form structured porous sponges and films and therefore be used in various fields of application. The materials displayed antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>fuchsine, methylene blue, iodine, chitosan<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-012\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 135\u2013147<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Hydrogel antibacterial coating for silicone medical devices<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Kamil Kope\u0107 <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3448-1386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Kamil Kope\u0107 \u2014 0000-0003-3448-1386\" aria-label=\"ORCID Kamil Kope\u0107 \u2014 0000-0003-3448-1386\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Micha\u0142 \u017buk<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Tomasz Ciach <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-8944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Tomasz Ciach \u2014 0000-0002-8726-8944\" aria-label=\"ORCID Tomasz Ciach \u2014 0000-0002-8726-8944\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.012<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/HYDROGEL_ANTIBACTERIAL_COATING_FOR_SILICONE_MEDICAL_DEVICES_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effective antibacterial coatings are in demand in medicine, especially for urological medical devices such as catheters and stents. We propose the production method of an antibacterial hydrogel coating on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, silicone), a popular surface for medical materials. The coating process consists of the following steps: PDMS surface activation (introduction of hydroxyl groups), silanisation (introduction of amine groups) and application of chitosan\/alginate hydrogel with the addition of lysozyme as an antibacterial agent using the layer-by-layer method. We investigated the effect of polyion concentration on the coating mass, swelling ratio and stability. We analysed the adsorption of <em>Micrococcus luteus<\/em>, <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> and <em>Proteus rettgeri<\/em> on a PDMS surface using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The chitosan\/alginate hydrogel coating with immobilised lysozyme protected the PDMS surface against adhesion for all three tested bacterial strains.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>antibacterial coatings, medical devices, layer-by-layer, alginate, chitosan, lysozyme<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-013\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 148\u2013161<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Development of biodegradable polysaccharide-protein edible gel coat with antimicrobial properties for food products<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Elena E. Kuprina<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Anastasiya N. Yakkola<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Andrey N. Manuylov<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Elena I. Kiprushkina<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Irina A. Shestopalova<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Pavel I. Demidov<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.013<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DEVELOPMENT_OF_BIODEGRADABLE_POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN_EDIBLE_GEL_COAT__WITH_ANTIMICROBIAL_PROPERTIES___FOR_FOOD_PRODUCTS_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Food edible coatings are an important milestone in food production and one of the innovations in food packaging development. This article presents materials on the development of the formulation and technology for the manufacture of a novel composite coating based on sodium alginate, chitosan and protein hydrolysate obtained by the electrochemical method of double extraction from cod processing waste to obtain edible coatings for semi-finished fish products. Furthermore, the physicochemical, physical, mechanical and microbiological properties of this material are described.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, sodium alginate, protein hydrolysate, biodegradable food films and coatings, formulation, technology, mechanism of formation, ediblefilms and coatings, environmental protection, sensory, physicochemical, physical and mechanical, antimicrobial properties.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-014\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 162\u2013169<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Influence of pectin and chitosan on the properties of gels protecting the oesophageal mucosa<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-835X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" aria-label=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.014<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/INFLUENCE_OF_PECTIN_AND_CHITOSAN_ON_THE_PROPERTIES_OF_GELS_PROTECTING_THE_OESOPHAGEAL_MUCOSA_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Among the diseases of the digestive tract, gastro-oesophageal reflux is one of the most troublesome ailments. It is estimated that in highly developed countries, reflux symptoms occur in about 5%-10% of people every day. It has also been found that about 20% of people experience such symptoms once a week. The incidence of this disease increases with age, regardless of gender. The aim of the study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of gels intended for the protection of the oesophageal mucosa. Preparations containing 3.0% pectin showed the lowest pH. These gels can be used in the treatment of advanced alkaline reflux. The addition of chitosan to all tested gels increased their pH and dynamic viscosity. The texture tests showed the effect of pectin concentration on the adhesion work of the tested gels.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>gastro-oesophageal reflux, physiological environment of gastro-oesophagus, hydrophilic gels, oesophageal mucosa, anti-inflammatory drugs, oesophageal infections<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-015\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 170\u2013177<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Evaluation of hydrophilic globules with sodium alginate containing a lactic acid\u2013chitosan complex<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-835X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" aria-label=\"ORCID Katarzyna Ma\u0142olepsza-Jarmo\u0142owska \u2014 0000-0002-0127-835X\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.015<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/EVALUATION_OF_HYDROPHILIC_GLOBULES_WITH_SODIUM_ALGINATE_CONTAINING_A_LACTIC_ACID\u2013_CHITOSAN_COMPLEX_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>An important issue in the treatment of vaginitis is the amount of time the drug remains on the vaginal mucosa. If the contact time is too short, the drug cannot work effectively to ensure the correct pH in the vaginal environment. This study evaluated formulations of globules containing sodium alginate, lactic acid and chitosan with different pH and rheological properties. The experimental studies revealed that it is possible to produce a preparation with optimal pharmaceutical and application properties. The use of an appropriate ratio of lactic acid to chitosan in the complex and the appropriate concentration of sodium alginate produces a preparation with excellent properties to coat the surface of the vaginal mucosa.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>lactic acid-chitosan complex, physiological environment of vagina, hydrophilic globules, vaginal mucosa, anti-inflammatory drugs, vaginal infections.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-016\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 178\u2013190<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Emulsification parameters study on micelles formation from hydrophobically modified chitosan<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agnieszka Piegat <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-4570\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agnieszka Piegat \u2014 0000-0001-9586-4570\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agnieszka Piegat \u2014 0000-0001-9586-4570\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agata Niemczyk <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1633-2718\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agata Niemczyk \u2014 0000-0002-1633-2718\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agata Niemczyk \u2014 0000-0002-1633-2718\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agata Goszczy\u0144ska <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-1723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agata Goszczy\u0144ska \u2014 0000-0001-6965-1723\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agata Goszczy\u0144ska \u2014 0000-0001-6965-1723\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.016<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/EMULSIFICATION_PARAMETERS_STUDY_ON_MICELLES_FORMATION_FROM__HYDROPHOBICALLY_MODIFIED_CHITOSAN_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>A series of <em>N<\/em>,<em>O<\/em>-acylated chitosan derivatives were emulsified with different fatty acids. Hydrophobically modified chitosan derivatives were expected to exhibit self-assembly behaviour resulting in micelle formation. Several parameters of the oil-in-water emulsification process were investigated: mixing method, speed and duration, volume oil phase and addition of modifiers. Their influence on micellar <em>Z<\/em>-average diameter, size distribution and Zeta potential was analysed based on dynamic light scattering measurements. There were various relations between the hydrodynamic behaviour of chitosan derivatives, their chemical structure and the process parameters. Additionally, the obtained micelles could serve as active compound carriers because they encapsulated two model substances, namely ibuprofen and \u03b1-tocopherol.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>hydrophobically modified chitosan, emulsification, self-assembly, micelles, amphiphilic properties.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-017\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 191\u2013199<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Structural and biological characteristics of self-organising chitosan hydrogels<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Katarzyna Pieklarz<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Micha\u0142 Tylman<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Zofia Modrzejewska<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Grzegorz Galita <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-2796\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Grzegorz Galita \u2014 0000-0002-1559-2796\" aria-label=\"ORCID Grzegorz Galita \u2014 0000-0002-1559-2796\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ireneusz Majsterek<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.017<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/STRUCTURAL_AND_BIOLOGICAL__CHARACTERISTICS_OF_SELF-ORGANISING__CHITOSAN_HYDROGELS_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Creating innovative methods of treatment and regeneration of damaged tissues or organs is a key challenge of the twenty-first century. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of producing and characterising the properties of self-organising chitosan hydrogels prepared with the use of chitosan lactate\/chloride and disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate as a cross-linking agent. The structure and supramolecular architecture of the biomaterials were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and polarised optical microscopy. Biological studies assessed cytotoxicity by contact with a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The colourimetric resazurin assay showed that the obtained chitosan hydrogels are non-cytotoxic materials. Thus, self-organising biomaterials hold great promise for application in tissue engineering.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, biomaterials, self-organising hydrogels, structural properties, cytotoxicity, tissue engineering<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-018\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 200\u2013209<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The effect of chitosan hydrolysate on the fungi <em>Alternaria solani<\/em>, <em>Fusarium solani<\/em> and <em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em> <em>in vitro<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Balzhima Ts. Shagdarova <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6148-7014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Balzhima Ts. Shagdarova \u2014 0000-0002-6148-7014\" aria-label=\"ORCID Balzhima Ts. Shagdarova \u2014 0000-0002-6148-7014\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Natalia V. Karpova<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Alla V. Il\u2019ina<\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Valery P. Varlamov<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.018<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/THE_EFFECT_OF_CHITOSAN_HYDROLYSATE_ON_THE_FUNGI_ALTERNARIA_SOLANI___FUSARIUM_SOLANI_AND_RHIZOCTONIA_SOLANI__IN_VITRO_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Chitosan hydrolysate was obtained using nitric acid; the prevailing fraction had a molecular weight of 30 kDa and a deacetylation degree of 95%. The effect of chitosan hydrolysate when added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg\/mL) was studied on the growth of the fungi <em>Alternaria solani<\/em> Sorauer, <em>Fusarium solani<\/em> (Mart.) Sacc. and <em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em> J.G. K\u00fchn. <em>A. solani<\/em> was the most sensitive to the addition of chitosan hydrolysate to PDA in radial growth experiments. On days 3 and 7 of incubation, the antifungal activity of the phytopathogen growth was 69%-92% and 69%-88%, respectively, in the concentration range of 0.5-2 mg\/ml.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, chitosan hydrolysate, <em>Alternaria solani<\/em>, <em>Fusarium solani<\/em>, <em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article class=\"pcacd-karta\" id=\"pcacd-26-019\">\r\n<a class=\"pcacd-gora\" href=\"#pcacd-naglowek-xxvi\" title=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\" aria-label=\"Wr\u00f3\u0107 na g\u00f3r\u0119 numeru\"><span data-no-translation>\u2191<\/span><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-rodzaj\">Artyku\u0142 oryginalny | Strony 210\u2013221<\/div>\r\n<h3 lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>Effect of chitosan and lipid layers deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on its wetting properties<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-autorzy\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation><span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Klaudia Szafran <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0152-0839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Klaudia Szafran \u2014 0000-0002-0152-0839\" aria-label=\"ORCID Klaudia Szafran \u2014 0000-0002-0152-0839\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Ma\u0142gorzata Jurak <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-7677\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Ma\u0142gorzata Jurak \u2014 0000-0002-5365-7677\" aria-label=\"ORCID Ma\u0142gorzata Jurak \u2014 0000-0002-5365-7677\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"pcacd-autor\">Agnieszka Ewa Wi\u0105cek <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-9694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href title=\"ORCID Agnieszka Ewa Wi\u0105cek \u2014 0000-0002-7425-9694\" aria-label=\"ORCID Agnieszka Ewa Wi\u0105cek \u2014 0000-0002-7425-9694\" class=\"pcacd-orcid\">iD<\/a><\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pcacd-linki\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15259\/PCACD.26.019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href class=\"pcacd-doi\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>DOI: 10.15259\/PCACD.26.019<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/EFFECT_OF_CHITOSAN_AND_LIPID_LAYERS_DEPOSITED_ONTO_POLYETHYLENE__TEREPHTHALATE_PET_ON_ITS_WETTING__PROPERTIES_PTChit_XXVI_2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-no-translation-href>Pe\u0142ny tekst PDF \u2197<\/a><\/div>\r\n<details><summary>Poka\u017c abstrakt<\/summary><div class=\"pcacd-abstrakt\" lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>The wetting properties of chitosan (Ch) and single 1,2-dipalmitoyl-<em>sn<\/em>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), cholesterol (Chol) and binary DPPC-Chol \u03c7<sub>Chol<\/sub>=0.25 layers deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate activated by low-temperature air plasma (PET<sub>air<\/sub>) were examined. PET is widely used in tissue engineering, but its low hydrophilicity limits its integration with the surrounding tissues. Ch is a biocompatible polysaccharide, distinguished by its antimicrobial properties, widely distributed in medicine. DPPC and Chol are the major building components of cell membrane, so they can perfectly mimic membrane behaviour during contact with the Ch layer. Monolayers of lipids were deposited onto PET<sub>air<\/sub> with or without the Ch layer using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The total surface free energy (SFE) and its components changes were calculated from theoretical approaches. Wettability strongly depended on the monolayer composition as well as the Ch layer. The Ch film decreased the contact angle and increased SFE of the PET surface with the lipid monolayers due to specific organisation of molecules within the chitosan scaffold. The most promising combination of surface modification for tissue engineering applications seems to be the PET<sub>air<\/sub>\/Ch\/DPPC-Chol system.<\/div><\/details>\r\n<p class=\"pcacd-slowa\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> <span lang=\"en\" translate=\"no\" data-no-translation>chitosan, wettability, surface free energy<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<\/div><p class=\"pcacd-brak\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden>Brak publikacji spe\u0142niaj\u0105cych kryteria wyszukiwania.<\/p><script>(function () {\r\n 'use strict';\r\n var root=document.getElementById('pcacd-artykuly-2021');\r\n if(!root||root.dataset.pcacdReady)return; root.dataset.pcacdReady='1';\r\n var input=root.querySelector('.pcacd-szukaj'), clear=root.querySelector('.pcacd-wyczysc'), empty=root.querySelector('.pcacd-brak');\r\n var scientific=Array.prototype.slice.call(root.querySelectorAll('.pcacd-karta'));\r\n var cards=Array.prototype.slice.call(root.querySelectorAll('.pcacd-karta,[data-pcacd-editorial]'));\r\n var en=\/^en\\b\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang)||\/^\\\/en(?:\\\/|$)\/.test(location.pathname);\r\n if(en){\r\n  root.querySelectorAll('[data-pcacd-editorial] .pcacd-linki a').forEach(function(a){a.textContent='Full text PDF \u2197';});\r\n  input.placeholder='Title, author, keywords or abstract\u2026'; input.setAttribute('aria-label','Search titles, author names, keywords and abstracts');\r\n  clear.title='Clear search'; clear.setAttribute('aria-label','Clear search'); empty.textContent='No articles match your search criteria.';\r\n  root.querySelector('.pcacd-tytul-listy').textContent='Search articles';\r\n  scientific.forEach(function(c){\r\n   var k=c.querySelector('.pcacd-rodzaj'); k.textContent=k.textContent.replace('Artyku\u0142 przegl\u0105dowy','Review article').replace('Artyku\u0142 oryginalny','Research article').replace('Strony','Pages');\r\n   var 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aria-label=\"Finansowanie tomu\">\n<style>\n#pcacd-finansowanie-2021,#pcacd-finansowanie-2021 * {box-sizing:border-box;}\n#pcacd-finansowanie-2021 {font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:#405269;border-top:1px solid #b9c3ce;border-radius:0;padding:22px;margin:20px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.8;background:transparent;}\n#pcacd-finansowanie-2021 .pcacd-logotypy {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:24px;background:transparent;padding:0;border-radius:0;margin-bottom:18px;}\n#pcacd-finansowanie-2021 img {display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain;}\n#pcacd-finansowanie-2021 p {margin:0;}\n@media(max-width:600px){#pcacd-finansowanie-2021{padding:18px 16px;}}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"pcacd-logotypy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptchit.lodz.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MNiSw-oraz-licencje-1024x111.png\" alt=\"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego, Open Access i CC BY \u2014 oryginalny baner 2021\" width=\"1024\" height=\"111\" loading=\"lazy\" data-no-translation><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcacd-komunikat\" data-no-translation translate=\"no\">Opracowanie i wydanie XXVI tomu czasopisma Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives (PCACD) dofinansowano z programu \u201eDoskona\u0142a nauka\u201d Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego w ramach umowy DNM\/SN\/468794\/2020.<\/p>\n<script>(function(){var r=document.getElementById('pcacd-finansowanie-2021');if(!r)return;var en=\/^en\\b\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang)||\/^\\\/en(?:\\\/|$)\/.test(location.pathname);if(en){r.setAttribute('aria-label','Volume funding');r.querySelector('.pcacd-komunikat').textContent=\"The preparation and publication of Volume XXVI of Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and its Derivatives (PCACD) was co-financed under the \u201cDoskona\u0142a nauka\u201d programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education, pursuant to agreement DNM\/SN\/468794\/2020.\";r.querySelector('img').alt='Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Open Access and CC BY \u2014 original 2021 banner';}})();<\/script>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O czasopi\u015bmie Informacje dla autor\u00f3w Wytyczne etyki publikacyjnej Procedura redakcyjna i wydawnicza Rada programowa Dotacje XXXI (2026) XXX (2025) XXIX (2024) XXVIII (2023) XXVII (2022) XXVI (2021) XXV (2020) XXIV (2019) XXIII (2018) XXII (2017) XXI (2016) XX (2015) XIX (2014) XVIII (2013) XVII (2012) XVI (2011) XV (2010) XII (2007) XI (2006) X (2004) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_templately_pack_id":"","_templately_imported_at":"","_templately_source":"","_templately_import_session_id":"","_thinkrank_schema_form_data":"","_thinkrank_selected_schema_type":"","_thinkrank_additional_schemas":"","_thinkrank_canonical_url":"","_thinkrank_og_title":"","_thinkrank_og_description":"","_thinkrank_og_image":"","_thinkrank_twitter_title":"","_thinkrank_twitter_description":"","_thinkrank_twitter_image":"","_thinkrank_imported_from":"","_thinkrank_focus_keywords":[],"_thinkrank_focus_keyword":"","_thinkrank_robots_meta_enabled":0,"_thinkrank_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_advanced_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_exclude_from_search":0,"_thinkrank_exclude_from_archives":0,"_thinkrank_primary_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1236","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-czasopismo-pcacd"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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